Polystyrene: Properties, Performance, and Applications

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POLYSTYRENE: PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES POLYSTYRENE TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE: PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF POLYMERS ATTRITION DURING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES POLYSTYRENE: PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS POLYSTYRENE: PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS CONTENTS PREFACE POLYSTYRENE TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE: PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF POLYMERS ATTRITION DURING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 2.1. Description of Attrition Device 2.2. Specimen Preparation 2.3. Contact Angles Measurements and Surface Free Energy 2.4. Atomic Force Microscopy Examinations 2.5. Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements 2.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurements 2.7. Rheological Measurements 2.8. Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Measurements 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Discussion of Rubbing Results 3.2. Discussion of Attrition Results Applied Normal Force Effect Hemispheres Velocity Effect Polymer Molecular Weight Effect 3.3. Discussion of Adhesion and Rubbing at the Nanometric Scale CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES BIODEGRADABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE THAT CONTAINS N-BENZYL-4-VINYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE IN THE MAIN CHAIN ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION INDISPENSABLE QUALITY REQUIRED FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER Quality Required for Excellent Biodegradability Quality Required for Test Microbes in Charges of Biodegradation DURABILITY AND BIODEGRADABILITY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMER PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTION OF N-BENZYL-4-VINYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE TO BIODEGRADATION OF THE MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE Extraordinarily Strong Biodegradability Powerful Stimulation of Microbes to Degrade the Connected Portion Highly Nutritive Worth for Microbes in Charges of Biodegradation Proliferation of Bacteria on the Surface of Cross-Linked PBVP(Br) Violent Digestion of Cross-Linked PBVP(Br) by Activated Sludge Strong Bactericidal Activity of Not-Cross-Linked PBVP(Br) Strong Affinity with Microbial Cells That Increases Opportunity of Biodegradation Capture of Bacterial Cells by Adhesion on the Surface of Cross-Linked PBVP(Br) Influence of Chemical Structure on the Ability to Capture Bacterial Cells Influence of Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions on the Capture of Bacterial Cells Strong Hydrophilicity That Assists Biodegradation EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Materials Preparation of Copolymers of Styrene with N-Benzyl-4-Vinylpyridinium Chloride Degradation of the Modified Polystyrene by the Treatment with Activated Sludge in Soil DEGRADATION OF THE MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE DURING TREATMENT WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN SOIL Biodegradation of Pst-co-BVP(Cl) In Molar Ratio 1:1 Biodegradation of PSt-co-BVP(Cl) in Molar Ratio 2:1 Biodegradation of PSt-co-BVP(Cl) in Molar Ratio 3:1 Biodegradation of PSt-co-BVP(Cl) in Molar Ratio 4:1 Biodegradation of PSt-co-BVP(Cl) in Molar Ratio 5:1 Biodegradation of PSt-co-BVP(Cl) in Molar Ratio 8:1 MODE OF CHAIN SCISSION IN BIODEGRADATION OF THE MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE INFLUENCE OF SIZE OF OLIGOMER PORTION ON BIODEGRADABILITY OF THE MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS PRODUCED DURING THE BIODEGRADATION A VARIETY OF NOTICEABLE UTILITIES OF THE MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE Removal of Microbes from Water by Filtration Removal of Viruses from Water by Filtration Bioreactor with Use of Captured Bacterial Cells Rapid Determination of Concentration of Viable Bacteria Coagulation and Sedimentation of Microbes in Water Control of Soil-borne Plant Diseases REFERENCES STUDY OF THE ADHESION MECHANISMS OF PARTICLES ON MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE: INFLUENCE OF SURFACE PARAMETERS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL Materials and Modification of PP Surfaces Materials Irradiation Grafting Reaction Characterization of Surface Properties Infrared Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Contact Angle Measurement and Energy Characteristics of Modified Surfaces Zeta Potential Measurement Roughness Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) Adhesion of Particles Observations and Interpretation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Modification of PP Surfaces Micrometric PP (PPM) CONCLUSION REFERENCES DIRECT FLUORINATION OF POLYSTYRENE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES POLYSTYRENE: PROPERTIES AND IT’S APPLICATIONS IN SENSING PLATFORMS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SENSOR STRUCTURES WITH POLYMERS AS ACTIVE ELEMENTS Sensing Effects in Polymers [2] 3. POLYSTYRENE AS A POLYMER Properties of Polystyrene 4. APPLICATIONS OF POLYSTYRENE IN SENSOR PLATFORMS: Bio-Sensors Chemical Sensors Humidity Sensors pH Sensors SERS Based Molecule Sensors REFERENCES ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS AND SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION FINE STRUCTURE CONTROL OF PS FIBERS WETTABILITY OF PS MATS Biomimicry of the Ragwort Leaf Fibers via Electrospinning MODIFICATION OF THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS MORPHOLOGY OF FIBROUS MATS COMPOSITION OF FIBROUS MATS HYDROPHOBICITY OF FIBROUS MATS MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF FIBROUS MATS CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES COORDINATIVE CHAIN TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF END-FUNCTIONALIZED SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION COORDINATIVE CHAIN TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION SYNTHESIS OF MAIN GROUP METAL END-CAPPED SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE VIA COORDONATIVE CHAIN TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION AND FURTHER DERIVATIZATION Aluminum Based Chain Transfer Agents Magnesium Based Chain Transfer Agents Silicon Based Chain Transfer Agents Boron Based Chain Transfer Agents CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES INDEX