ENGLISH

Protection of electricity distribution networks

By Juan M. Gers; E. J. Holmes

Book information

Year
2022
ISBN
9781839532702, 183953270X
Language
english
Format
PDF
Filesize
31 MB (32324716 bytes)
Series
Energy engineering
Edition
Fourth
Pages
\487
Time added
2022-01-10 16:31:57

Description

Contents About the authors Preface and acknowledgements Preface to second edition Preface to third edition 1. Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Basic principles of electrical systems 1.3 Protection requirements 1.4 Protection zones 1.5 Primary and backup protection 1.6 Directional protection 1.7 Relay models 1.8 Adaptive protection 2. Calculation of short circuit currents 2.1 Modelling for short circuit current calculations 2.2 Fault calculation for symmetrical faults 2.3 Symmetrical components 2.4 Supplying the current and voltage signals to protection systems 2.5 General considerations of fault currents from DERs 2.6 Analysis tools for short circuit current calculation 3. Classification and function of relays 3.1 Classification 3.2 Electromechanical relays 3.3 Evolution of protection relays 3.4 Numerical protection 3.5 Supplies to the relay circuits 4. Current and voltage transformers 4.1 Voltage transformers 4.2 Current transformers 5. Overcurrent protection 5.1 General 5.2 Types of overcurrent relay 5.3 Setting overcurrent relays 5.4 Constraints of relay coordination 5.5 Coordination across Dy transformers 5.6 Coordination with fuses 5.7 Coordination of negative-sequence units 5.8 Overcurrent relays with voltage control 5.9 Setting overcurrent relays using software techniques 5.10 Use of digital logic in numerical relaying 5.11 Adaptive protection with group settings change 5.12 Exercises 6. Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers 6.1 Equipment 6.2 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices in distribution systems 6.3 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices under automated feeder reconfiguration 6.4 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices with DG intermittent sources 7. Directional overcurrent relays 7.1 Construction 7.2 Principle of operation 7.3 Relay connections 7.4 Directional earth-fault relays 7.5 Coordination of instantaneous units 7.6 Setting of time-delay directional overcurrent units 7.7 Importance of the directional protection 7.8 Exercises 8. Differential protection 8.1 General 8.2 Classification of differential protection 8.3 Transformer differential protection 8.4 Differential protection for generators and rotating machines 8.5 Line differential protection 8.6 Busbar differential protection 8.7 Exercises 9. Distance protection 9.1 General 9.2 Types of distance relays 9.3 Setting the reach and operating time of distance relays 9.4 The effect of infeeds on distance relays 9.5 The effect of arc resistance on distance protection 9.6 Residual compensation 9.7 Impedances seen by distance relays 9.8 Power system oscillations 9.9 The effective cover of distance relays 9.10 Maximum load check 9.11 Drawing relay settings 9.12 Intertripping schemes 9.13 Distance relays on series-compensated lines 9.14 Technical considerations of distance protection in tee circuits 9.15 Use of distance relays for the detection of the loss of excitation in generators 9.16 Exercises 10. Protection of low-voltage systems 10.1 Protection devices 10.2 Criteria for setting overcurrent protection devices associated with motors 10.3 Arc flash 11. Industrial plant load shedding 11.1 Power system operation after loss of generation 11.2 Design of an automatic load shedding system 11.3 Criteria for setting frequency relays 11.4 Example of calculating and setting frequency relays in an industrial plant 11.5 Load shedding using logic schemes 12. Protection schemes and substation design diagrams 12.1 Protection schemes 12.2 Types of substations 12.3 Substation design diagrams 13. Communication networks for power systems automation 13.1 IEC 61850 overview 13.2 Standard documents and features of IEC 61850 13.3 System Configuration Language 13.4 Challenges facing the testing of IEC 61850 devices 13.5 Configuration and verification of GOOSE messages 13.6 Substation IT network 13.7 Process bus 14. Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systems 14.1 Installation of protection equipment 14.2 Testing protection schemes 14.3 Commissioning numerical protection 14.4 Protection relay testing considering IEC 61850 standard 15. Protection of distributed generation systems 15.1 Types of distributed generation 15.2 Protection of solar and wind facilities 15.3 Protection of distribution systems with DG penetration 16. Impact of stability conditions on protective relaying 16.1 Concepts and methods for analyses of power system stability 16.2 Simplified model of the distribution system and transferred power 16.3 Power swings in a simple system 16.4 Solving the swing equation 16.5 Effect of a fault in the transient stability 16.6 Effect of the excitation system 16.7 Effect of load imbalance 16.8 Effect of high integration of renewables 16.9 Effect of high initial response excitation systems 16.10 Overview of system-dependent protection 16.11 Exercises References Appendix: Solutions to exercises Index

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