Case Studies in Geospatial Applications to Groundwater Resources

Description

Case Studies in Geospatial Applications to Groundwater Resources provides thorough the most up-to-date techniques in GIS and geostatistics as they relate to groundwater, through detailed case studies that prove real-world applications of remote sensing applications to this subject. Groundwater is the primary source of fresh water in many parts of the world, while come regions are becoming overly dependent on it, consuming groundwater faster than it is naturally replenished and causing water tables to decline unremittingly. India is the largest user of groundwater in the world followed by China and the USA, with developing countries using groundwater at an unsustainable rate. Systematic planning of groundwater usage using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization, management and modeling of this precious but shrinking natural resource. With the advent of powerful and highspeed personal computers, efficient techniques for water management have evolved, of which remote sensing, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), GPS (Global Positioning Systems) and Geostatistical techniques are of great significance. This book advances the scientific understanding, development, and application of geospatial technologies related to water resource management. Case Studies in Geospatial Applications to Groundwater Resources is a valuable reference for researchers and postgraduate students in Earth and Environmental Sciences, especially GIS, agriculture, hydrology, natural resources, and soil science, who need to be able to apply the latest technologies in groundwater research in a practical manner. IFC Half title Title Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1 Principle of GIScience and geostatistics in groundwater modeling 1.1 Introduction 1.2 GIS and groundwater 1.3 Remote sensing and groundwater 1.4 Geostatistics and groundwater 1.5 Geocomputational modeling and groundwater 1.6 Geospatial intelligence and groundwater modeling 1.7 WebGIS and groundwater resource 1.8 Conclusion and future direction References Chapter 2 Indicator kriging and its usefulness in assessing spatial suitability of groundwater for drinking 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic theory of indicator kriging 2.3 Criticisms of indicator kriging 2.4 Merits of indicator kriging 2.5 Practical corrections to use indicator kriging 2.5.1 Treatment of upper and lower tails 2.5.2 The data dilemma 2.5.3 Initially use the median indicator kriging 2.5.4 Change of support 2.6 Applications in water science 2.6.1 Case study 2.7 Conclusions References Chapter 3 GI Science application for groundwater resources management and decision support 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hydrosphere–geosphere–anthroposphere interlinked dynamics 3.3 Spatial and machine learning model for groundwater mapping 3.4 Big data analytics and groundwater mapping 3.5 Geospatial intelligence and information communication technology 3.6 Expert knowledge and GIScience 3.7 Data imbalances and new professionalism 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Role of groundwater potentiality and soil nutrient status on agricultural productivity: A case study in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study area 4.3 Data source and methodology 4.3.1 Water distribution pattern 4.3.2 Estimation of soil nutrient index 4.3.3 Crop combination and agricultural productivity 4.4 Result and discussions 4.4.1 Groundwater potentiality zoning 4.4.2 Groundwater potentiality index 4.4.3 Surface water distribution and availability 4.4.4 Characterizing soil of the study area 4.5 Conclusion Conflict of interest References Chapter 5 Groundwater potential zones identification using integrated remote sensing and GIS-AHP approach in semiarid region of Maharashtra, India 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study area 5.3 Methodology 5.4 Results & discussion 5.4.1 Geology 5.4.2 Geomorphology 5.4.3 Drainage density 5.4.4 Slope map 5.4.5 Rainfall 5.4.6 Lineaments 5.4.7 Land use/land cover (LULC) 5.4.8 Soil 5.4.9 Groundwater fluctuation 5.4.10 Suitability of groundwater quality 5.4.11 Assessment groundwater potential zone 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 GIS-based groundwater recharge potentiality analysis using frequency ratio and weights of evidence models 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Study area 6.3 Database and methodology 6.3.1 Data used 6.3.2 Data processing and generation of thematic Maps using GIS 6.3.3 Statistical models 6.3.4 Delineation of the GRPZ through groundwater potentiality index (GPI) 6.3.5 Validation method 6.4 Results and discussion 6.4.1 Groundwater recharge potentiality zone (GRPZ) analysis 6.4.2 Validation of GRPZ 6.5 Conclusion Conflict of interest References Chapter 7 Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of an extended part of Chhotanagpur plateau applying frequency ratio \(FR\) model 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods and materials 7.2.1 Study area 7.2.2 Dataset and data acquisition 7.2.3 Preparation of input database/factors influencing groundwater potential zone 7.3 Frequency ratio model 7.4 Result and discussion 7.4.1 Land use/land cover 7.4.2 Lineament density 7.4.3 Rainfall 7.4.4 Soil texture 7.4.5 Slope 7.4.6 Groundwater fluctuation 7.4.7 Geology 7.4.8 Drainage density 7.4.9 Hydro-geomorphology 7.5 Groundwater potential zone 7.6 Validation of FR model 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Assessment of groundwater salinity risk in coastal belt of Odisha using ordinary kriging and its management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Material and method 8.2.1 Study area 8.2.2 Data and methodology used 8.2.3 Ordinary kriging 8.2.4 Performance evaluation of ordinary kriging 8.3 Results and discussion 8.3.1 Descriptive statistics, distribution of dataset, and semivariogram parameters 8.3.2 Performance accuracy of ordinary kriging 8.3.3 Spatial variability of groundwater depth 8.3.4 Spatial variability of electrical conductivity and suitability of groundwater for irrigation 8.3.5 Groundwater salinity management 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Integrated GIS-based MCDA approach for suitability zoning of irrigation water quality in semiarid Kansai river basin, Purulia district, West Bengal 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study area 9.3 Methodology 9.4 AHP technique 9.5 Results and discussion 9.5.1 Hydrochemical facies 9.6 Study of major cations and anions in the area 9.7 Groundwater quality for irrigation based on the physicochemical parameters 9.8 pH 9.9 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 9.10 Total hardness (TH) 9.11 Salinity hazard 9.12 Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) 9.13 Sodium percentage (Na %) 9.14 Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) 9.15 Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 9.16 Kelly's ratio (KR) 9.17 Permeability index (PI) 9.18 Groundwater irrigation suitability zone 9.19 Conclusion Acknowledgment Competing interests References Chapter 10 Field-based spatio-temporal monitoring of hydrograph network stations to predict the long-term behavioral pattern of groundwater regime and its implications in India: A review 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Study area 10.1.2 Objectives of the study 10.2 Methodology 10.2.1 Design of network hydrograph monitoring stations 10.3 Discussion 10.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 11 Groundwater resources in Nigeria: Case study of distribution and quality at a medium-size urban settlement-scale 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Research problem 11.2.1 Study objectives 11.3 Study area 11.3.1 Groundwater supply in Nigeria: review 11.3.2 Regulations on groundwater distribution in Nigeria 11.4 Materials and methods 11.4.1 Data 11.5 Results 11.5.1 Distribution of groundwater resources 11.5.2 Physical and chemical characteristics 11.5.3 Relationship between topography and physiochemical characteristics of groundwater 11.5.4 Seasonal variations 11.5.5 Locational distribution of water chemistry parameters 11.6 Discussion References Chapter 12 Assessing groundwater potential zone of Ong river basin using geospatial technology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study area 12.3 Materials and methods 12.3.1 Data used 12.3.2 Methodology 12.4 Result and discussion 12.4.1 Surface waterbody 12.4.2 Geomorphology 12.4.3 Lineament density 12.4.4 Geology 12.4.5 Drainage density 12.4.6 Rainfall 12.4.7 Elevation and slope 12.4.8 Soil 12.4.9 Lithology 12.4.10 Land use land cover 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Innovative trend analysis of groundwater resources under changing climate in Malda district, India 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Study area 13.3 Database and methodology 13.3.1 Autocorrelation function (ACF) 13.3.2 Innovative trend analysis 13.3.3 Mann-Kendall test 13.3.4 Modified Mann-Kendall test 13.3.5 Sen's slope estimator 13.4 Results and discussion 13.4.1 Descriptive statistics 13.4.2 The trend in groundwater depth 13.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References Chapter 14 Assessing vulnerability of groundwater resource in urban and sub-urban areas of Siliguri, North Bengal (India): A special reference to LULC alteration 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Brief description of the study area 14.3 Study materials and methodology 14.3.1 Data used 14.3.2 DRASTIC data layers 14.3.3 Methodology of the DRASTIC vulnerability model 14.3.4 LULC classification 14.4 Results and discussion 14.4.1 Vulnerability of groundwater status (DRASTIC model based) 14.4.2 Spatio-temporal changing scenario of LULC 14.4.3 Relationship between LULC change and groundwater vulnerability 14.5 Ground truth validation of the groundwater vulnerability map 14.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement Conflict of the interest References Chapter 15 Groundwater fluctuation and agricultural insecurity: A geospatial analysis of West Bengal in India 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Study Area 15.3 Data and methods 15.4 Results and discussion 15.4.1 Spatial variation of mean depth of ground water table 15.4.2 Spatial variation of average crop production 15.4.3 Seasonal fluctuation of mean ground water depth and crop production 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes: A case study of Hooghly District, West Bengal, India 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Study area 16.3 Datasets and methodology 16.3.1 Datasets 16.3.2 Methodology 16.4 Results and discussion 16.4.1 Physical-chemical parameters 16.4.2 Groundwater suitability for irrigation 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17 Geo-spatial assessment of groundwater drought risk zone due to drought propagation in the Upper Dwarakeshwar River Basin \(UDRB\), West Bengal 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Study area 17.3 Methodology 17.4 Physical Groundwater Drought Hazard (PGDH) 17.5 Meteorological drought risk (Mr) 17.6 Parameters used in meteorological drought risk assessment 17.6.1 Drought intensity (DI) 17.6.2 Drought duration (DD) 17.6.3 Drought frequency (DF) or occurrence rate (%) 17.6.4 Peak intensity (PI), 17.7 Hydro-geological exposure (He) 17.8 Socio-economic Groundwater Drought Vulnerability (SGDV) 17.9 Result 17.10 Integrated GWDR map 17.11 Discussion 17.12 Validation 17.13 Conclusion Acknowledgement Conflict of interest Reference Chapter 18 Assessment of groundwater level fluctuations in and around Ranchi district, Jharkhand using geospatial datasets and methods 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The study area 18.3 Objectives 18.4 Datasets and methods 18.5 Results and findings 18.5.1 Groundwater level position in Ranchi district with respect to topography 18.5.2 Groundwater level fluctuation in Ranchi district: spatial pattern 18.5.3 Groundwater level changes across the years: fluctuation and volume estimates 18.5.4 Wireframe surfaces for annual monsoonal recharge and annual withdrawal: overall and year-wise 18.6 Conclusion References Chapter 19 Groundwater conservation and management: Recent trends and future prospects 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Water, land, energy, and agriculture 19.3 Groundwater prospects and geographical settings 19.4 Advancement in groundwater data 19.5 Opportunities of sensor 19.6 Advancement of space technology 19.7 Water treatment technology 19.8 Integrating monitoring network 19.9 Strengthening scientific support 19.10 Encouraged public engagement 19.11 Future planned and conservation strategy 19.12 Conclusion References Chapter 20 Seasonal fluctuation of groundwater table and its impact on rural livelihood: A village level study at coastal belt of Purba Medinipur District, India 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Data base and methodology 20.2.1 Study area 20.2.2 Data base and data processing 20.3 Results and discussion 20.3.1 Land use types 20.3.2 Demographic structures 20.3.3 Seasonal groundwater status 20.3.4 Groundwater vulnerability 20.4 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Index IBC