Insect Morphology and Phylogeny: A Textbook for Students of Entomology

Description

In the last decades a remarkable renaissance has materialized in insect morphology, mainly triggered by the development of new cutting-edge technologies. This is an exciting time for biological synthesis where the mysteries and data derived from genomes can be combined with centuries of data from morphology and development. And, now, more than ever, detailed knowledge of morphology is essential to understanding the evolution of all groups of organisms. In this “age of phylogenomics” researchers rely on morphological data to support molecular findings, test complex evolutionary scenarios, and for placing fossil taxa. This textbook provides an in-depth treatment of the structures and the phylogeny of the megadiverse Hexapoda. The first part presents an up-to-date overview of general insect morphology with detailed drawings, scanning electron micrographs, and 3-D reconstructions. Also included is a chapter covering innovative morphological techniques (e.g., µ-computer tomography, 3-D modeling), brief treatments of insect development and phylogenetic methods, and a comprehensive morphological glossary. The second part is of a modern synthesis of insect systematics that includes taxon-specific morphological information for all Orders. The work is an invaluable reference for students and researchers working in all facets of biology and is a must for evolutionary biologists. A detailed understanding of morphology is essential in unraveling phylogenetic relationships and developing complex evolutionary scenarios. Increasingly researchers in phylogenomics are re/turning to morphological data to support their findings, while the development of new cutting-edge technologies has further increased interest in this growing field. This definitive handbook provides an in-depth treatment of insect morphology. The first part presents an up-to-date overview of insect morphology with detailed drawings, brilliant scanning electron micrographs and 3-D reconstructions as interactive PDFs. Thisis complemented by a chapter on innovative morphological techniques (e.g., µ-computer tomography, 3-D modeling) and a comprehensive morphological glossary. The second part treats the state of the art in insect systematics and includes taxon-specific morphological information for all orders. Systematicsare treated formally, with for example the arguments for relationships (“apomorphies”) always listed explicitly. The work is a useful reference for students and researchers working in different fields of biology and a must for those dealing with insects from an evolutionary perspective. Comprehensive treatment of insect morphology with numerous detailed illustrations, brilliant electron micrographs and 3-D reconstructions Glossary for quick reference Overview of traditional and modern techniques in insect morphology 1 Morphology 1.1 Integument 1.1.1 Cuticle and epidermis 1.1.2 Canals and pores 1.1.3 Surface structures, microtrichia and setae 1.1.4 Cuticular sensilla 1.1.5 Scolopidia 1.1.6 Integumental gland cells 1.1.7 Ecdysis 1.2 Head 1.2.1 Segmentation, sutures and cephalic regions 1.2.2 Head capsule 1.2.3 Cephalic endoskeleton 1.2.4 Labrum and epipharynx 1.2.5 Antennae 1.2.6 Mandibles 1.2.7 Maxillae 1.2.8 Labium 1.2.9 Hypopharynx 1.2.10 Salivarium 1.3 Thorax 1.3.1 Segmentation and composition of segments 1.3.2 Prothorax 1.3.3 Pterothoracic segments 1.3.4 Legs 1.3.5 Attachment structures 1.3.6 Wings 1.4 Abdomen 1.4.1 General organization 1.4.2 External structures of the male and female postabdomen 1.4.3 Male and female internal genital organs 1.5 Nervous system 1.5.1 Brain 1.5.2 Suboesophageal complex 1.5.3 Postcephalic ganglionic chain 1.5.4 Visceral nervous system (VNS) 1.6 Photoreceptor organs 1.6.1 Extraocular photoreception 1.6.2 Compound eyes 1.6.3 Ocelli 1.6.4 Stemmata 1.7 Tracheal system 1.8 Circulatory system 1.8.1 Haemocoel, diaphragmata and alary muscles 1.8.2 Dorsal vessel 1.8.3 Accessory pulsatile organs 1.8.4 Haemolymph 1.9 Digestive tract 1.9.1 Preoral cavity 1.9.2 Foregut 1.9.3 Midgut 1.9.4 Hindgut 1.10 Excretory organs 1.11 Endocrine organs and the hormone system 1.12 Fat body 2 Reproduction, development and immature stages 2.1 Fertilization and egg structure 2.2 Embryonic development 2.2.1 Cleavage and germ band formation 2.2.2 Short germ and long germ embryos 2.2.3 Germ layer formation and blastokinesis 2.2.4 Segmentation 2.2.5 Organogenesis 2.3 Postembryonic development 2.4 Larval and pupal forms 3 Glossary 3.1 Morphology 3.1.1 General terms 3.1.2 Integument 3.1.3 Sensilla and sensory organs 3.1.4 Head capsule 3.1.5 Head appendages 3.1.6 Thorax 3.1.7 Legs 3.1.8 Wings 3.1.9 Abdomen 3.1.10 Male genital organs 3.1.11 Female genital organs 3.1.12 Nervous system and associated structures 3.1.13 Photoreceptor organs 3.1.14 Tracheal system 3.1.15 Circulatory system 3.1.16 Digestive tract 3.1.17 Excretory organs 3.1.18 Endocrine organs and the hormone system 3.1.19 Fat Body 3.2 Reproduction, development and immature stages 3.2.1 Fertilization and egg structure 3.2.2 Cleavage and embryonic developement 3.2.3 Postembryonic development 3.2.4 Larval and pupal forms 4 Traditional and modern techniques in insect morphology 4.1 Fixation 4.2 Dissection 4.3 Maceration 4.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 4.5 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 4.6 Histology 4.7 Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBFSEM) 4.8 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) 4.9 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 4.10 Micro-computer tomography (µ-CT) 4.11 Computer-based 3-dimensional reconstruction 4.12 Geometric morphometrics (Ming Bai) 4.12.1 Terminology and principles 4.12.2 Geometric morphometrics analysis 5 Phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphology 5.1 Hennigian terminology and principles 5.2 Cladistics 5.2.1 Taxon sampling 5.2.2 Selection of characters 5.2.3 Character state coding and building a list of characters 5.2.4 Data matrix 5.2.5 Parsimony analyses 5.2.6 Trees, their presentation and statistics 6 The orders of Hexapoda 6.1 Collembola (common name: springtails) 6.2 Protura (common name: coneheads) 6.3 Diplura (common name: two-pronged bristletails) 6.4 Archaeognatha (common name: jumping bristletails) 6.5 Zygentoma (common names: silverfish and firebrats) 6.6 Ephemeroptera (common name: mayflies) 6.7 Odonata (common names: damselflies, dragonflies) 6.8 Plecoptera (common name: stoneflies) 6.9 Dermaptera (common name: earwigs) 6.10 Embioptera (common name: webspinners) 6.11 Phasmatodea (common names: stick and leaf insects) 6.12 Orthoptera (common names: katydids = bush-crickets, crickets, grasshoppers, locusts) 6.13 Zoraptera (common names: ground lice, angel insects) 6.14 Grylloblattodea (common names: ice crawlers, rock crawlers, icebugs) 6.15 Mantophasmatodea (common names: heelwalkers, gladiators) 6.16 Mantodea (common names: mantises, praying mantises) 6.17 Blattodea (common names: roaches and termites) 6.18 Psocoptera (common names: barklice, booklice, barkflies) 6.19 Phthiraptera (common name: true lice) 6.20 Thysanoptera (common names: thrips, fringe wings) 6.21 Auchenorrhyncha (common names: Cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, froghoppers or spittle bugs, treehoppers) 6.22 Sternorrhyncha (common name: plantlice) 6.22.1 Psyllina, Psylloidea (common names: psyllids, jumping plantlice, lerp insects) 6.22.2 Aleyrodina, Aleyrodoidea (common name: whiteflies) 6.22.3 Aphidina (common name: aphids) 6.22.4 Coccina (common names: scale insects, mealy bugs) 6.23 Coleorrhyncha (common name: moss bugs) 6.24 Heteroptera (common name: true bugs) 6.25 Hymenoptera (common names: sawflies, wood wasps, bees, wasps, ants) 6.26 Neuroptera (common name: net-winged insects) 6.27 Megaloptera (common names: alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) 6.28 Raphidioptera (common names: snakeflies, camelneck flies) 6.29 Coleoptera (common name: beetles) 6.30 Strepsiptera (common name: twisted wing parasites) 6.31 Trichoptera (common name: caddisflies) 6.32 Lepidoptera (common names: moths and butterflies) 6.33 Mecoptera (common names for subgroups: scorpionflies, hangingflies etc.) 6.34 Siphonaptera (common name: fleas) 6.35 Diptera (common name: true flies) 7 Literature 7.1 Textbooks and comprehensive works 7.2 Review articles 7.3 Cladistic software and related studies 7.4 Complete references Taxonomic Index