Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography

Description

Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world. Its current population of around 4.3 billion accounts for close to 60 percent of the world's total. It is also an extremely diverse continent with people living in hugely varied natural environments. Many Asian countries have their own distinctive histories, cultural traditions, religious beliefs and radically different political systems, and they have pursued markedly different routes to development. For these reasons Asian populations represent a striking array of demographic characteristics and stages of demographic transition. This handbook will provide a comprehensive study of population changes in Asia and related theoretical issues through systematically examining demographic transitions on the continent, their considerable variations and their relationships with a wide range of social, economic, political and cultural factors. The sections will cover: Population Studies and Demographic Data Sources Family Planning and Fertility Decline Mortality Decline Population Distribution and Migration Marriage and Family Demographic Transition in Asia Population, Society and Environment The book will provide a key reference about Asian demography for academics, students, policy makers, political commentators, entrepreneurs and anyone who is interested in population changes in Asia. Cover......Page 1 Endorsement......Page 2 Half Title......Page 4 Series Information......Page 5 Title Page......Page 6 Copyright Page......Page 7 Table of contents......Page 8 List of Figures......Page 15 List of Maps......Page 20 List of Tables......Page 21 List of Contributors......Page 26 Historical population change in Asia and the world......Page 32 Preliminary matters......Page 35 Fertility decline......Page 36 Mortality decline......Page 38 Migration and population distribution......Page 39 Family and household formation and the individual life course......Page 41 Population and development......Page 42 References......Page 44 Introduction......Page 46 Censuses......Page 48 Civil registration......Page 52 Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS)......Page 53 Secondary sources of Asian demographic data......Page 54 Consistency checks......Page 55 Indirect estimation......Page 56 The balancing equation and residual methods......Page 58 References......Page 60 Background: the development of population research institutions prior to the 1960s......Page 63 The establishment of population institutions in Asia in the 1960s and 1970s......Page 67 Population institutions in Asia from the 1980s onwards......Page 70 The Asian Population Association......Page 72 References......Page 73 Introduction......Page 76 Population dynamics in historical Asian populations......Page 77 Household and family......Page 78 Mortality......Page 80 Reproduction......Page 81 Marriage......Page 82 Migration......Page 83 Genealogies......Page 84 Household registers......Page 85 Censuses......Page 87 Conclusion......Page 88 References......Page 89 The contours of fertility decline in Asia......Page 95 Some general characteristics of fertility decline in Asia......Page 97 Types of fertility decline......Page 99 The ?early rapid fallers? or ?demographic forerunners?......Page 103 ?Slow fallers?......Page 105 ?Rapid fallers still in transition?......Page 107 ?Laggards?......Page 109 The ?special cases?......Page 110 Conclusions and the future of fertility in the region......Page 111 References......Page 113 The setting......Page 118 The practice of family planning and its effects......Page 120 Facilitating circumstances......Page 122 Programme maturation......Page 124 Critical issues......Page 126 Voluntarism and quality of care......Page 128 Underlying rationale......Page 129 Family planning policies and programmes in Asia since the 1994 Cairo conference......Page 130 The future of family planning in Asia......Page 133 Notes......Page 135 References......Page 136 Use of contraception......Page 140 Contraceptive prevalence and trends in Asia......Page 141 Relationship between contraceptive prevalence and fertility level......Page 143 Contraceptive methods and patterns of use......Page 144 Contraceptive discontinuation and switching......Page 148 Unmet need for contraception......Page 149 Determinants of contraceptive use......Page 151 Abortion......Page 152 Overview of abortion policies......Page 153 Safe and unsafe abortion: level, trend and reasons......Page 154 Relationship between abortion rate and contraceptive prevalence......Page 156 Techniques for safe abortion: vacuum aspiration and medical abortion......Page 157 Post-abortion care......Page 158 Conclusions and practical implications......Page 159 References......Page 160 Maternal mortality as the central indicator of reproductive health......Page 162 Problems of measurement......Page 163 Rise in skilled birth attendance......Page 167 The rise in caesarean deliveries......Page 169 Burdens of reproductive disease......Page 173 Sexually transmitted infections......Page 174 Cancers......Page 175 Conclusion......Page 179 References......Page 180 9 Son preference, sex ratios and ?missing girls? in Asia......Page 182 Underlying causes of son preference......Page 183 Mechanisms and patterns of prenatal and postnatal sex selection......Page 187 Mechanisms of neglect of unwanted girls......Page 188 The consequences of high child sex ratios: men and women in the marriage market......Page 189 Factors that help reduce son preference and its manifestations......Page 191 Notes......Page 193 References......Page 194 Introduction......Page 199 Data sources......Page 200 Under-five mortality and burden of under-five deaths......Page 201 Neonatal mortality and burden of neonatal deaths......Page 205 Gender gaps in child mortality......Page 206 Risk factors of child mortality......Page 209 Leading causes of child deaths......Page 211 Successes and challenges......Page 213 Appendix......Page 215 References......Page 218 Trends in life experience at age 65......Page 221 Declines in age-specific death rates and their contribution to rising e65......Page 228 Socioeconomic development and e65......Page 231 Future prospects......Page 233 Concluding remarks......Page 234 References......Page 236 Introduction......Page 240 Data and their limitations......Page 241 Mortality trends 1950?2015 and variations across Asia......Page 242 Age patterns of mortality change......Page 245 Age patterns of fast or slow mortality change......Page 250 Sex differentials in mortality change......Page 252 Discussion......Page 255 Acknowledgements......Page 256 References......Page 257 Introduction......Page 259 Asian data on mortality and causes of death......Page 260 Trends in disease and injury causes of death......Page 262 Causes of disability and lost health......Page 267 Burden of disease......Page 268 Risk factors and determinants of health......Page 270 Projections of causes of death to 2050......Page 273 Conclusions......Page 275 References......Page 276 Background......Page 278 Data collection developments and limitations......Page 279 Cross-national patterns and trends......Page 282 Affected populations and population groups......Page 286 Major forces shaping the epidemics......Page 289 Major efforts in controlling the epidemics......Page 291 Hopes and challenges......Page 292 References......Page 295 The changing share of Asia?s population in the world......Page 299 Population densities......Page 304 The distribution of population across Asia......Page 309 Conclusion......Page 311 Notes......Page 312 References......Page 313 16 The urbanization of low- and middle-income Asia......Page 316 The demography of urbanization and settlement growth......Page 318 Urbanization trends: totals, percentages, growth rates......Page 319 Populations of cities and urban agglomerations......Page 323 The ongoing search for scientific comparability......Page 326 New and under-studied developments......Page 328 Commuting and related forms of urban connection......Page 329 The National New-Type Urbanization Plan and Hukou reforms......Page 331 Climate change and extreme-event risks in urban Asia......Page 332 Estimates of risk exposure in urban Asia......Page 334 Urban adaptation to flood risks......Page 335 Conclusions......Page 336 Notes......Page 337 References......Page 338 Introduction......Page 341 Permanent migration......Page 342 South-North migration......Page 344 Temporary labour migration......Page 345 Student migration......Page 346 North-South and South-South migration......Page 347 Marriage migration......Page 348 Feminization of Asian migration......Page 349 Migration and development......Page 350 Diaspora and development......Page 352 Return migration......Page 354 Policy implications......Page 355 Conclusion......Page 357 References......Page 358 Who are forced migrants and refugees?......Page 362 Studies of forced and refugee migration......Page 365 Data sources on forced and refugee migration......Page 366 Levels and trends of forced migration: Asia within a global context......Page 368 Demographic characteristics of forced and refugee migrants in Asia......Page 371 Drivers of forced and refugee migration......Page 376 Summary and conclusions......Page 377 Acknowledgements......Page 378 References......Page 379 Kinship systems and marriage arrangement......Page 382 Trends towards later and less marriage......Page 384 Issues arising from rising singlehood......Page 389 Consanguineous marriage......Page 390 Problems of continued early marriage......Page 392 Divorce trends......Page 394 Conclusions......Page 396 Notes......Page 397 References......Page 398 Introduction......Page 401 Background......Page 402 Data......Page 404 Household perspective......Page 405 Looking into individuals? lives......Page 407 Living alone......Page 409 Living with parents......Page 410 Living with a spouse......Page 412 Living with children......Page 413 Conclusion......Page 415 Acknowledgements......Page 417 Appendix......Page 418 References......Page 423 21 Asia?s demographic transition: Variations and major determinants......Page 425 Mortality transition in Asia and its variations......Page 426 Fertility transition in Asia and its variations......Page 430 Cultural, political, economic and social conditions of Asian countries......Page 432 Measures of mortality and fertility......Page 434 Effects of war and civil unrest......Page 435 Effects of education, urbanization, income distribution and the status of women......Page 437 Effects of public health programmes......Page 438 Mortality transition in China and Kazakhstan......Page 439 Summary and discussion......Page 440 References......Page 441 Introduction......Page 443 Changes in educational attainment 1970?2010......Page 444 Primary education......Page 447 Lower and upper secondary education......Page 449 Tertiary/post-secondary education......Page 451 Gender differences......Page 454 Labour force participation......Page 456 Conclusion......Page 459 Note......Page 460 References......Page 461 The process of population ageing......Page 462 Measures of population ageing......Page 463 Trends and patterns......Page 464 Variation within regions......Page 467 Divergence and heterogeneity......Page 471 Population ageing and the family......Page 474 Population ageing and the state......Page 477 The family, the state and elder well-being......Page 480 Population ageing and society......Page 481 Notes......Page 483 References......Page 484 Introduction......Page 487 Estimated first dividend in Asia......Page 489 Change in age distribution and capital accumulation......Page 491 Changes in life expectancy and capital accumulation......Page 492 Estimated second dividend in Asia......Page 494 Socioeconomic conditions and the second dividend......Page 495 Policy implications......Page 497 Appendix: Measurement of demographic dividends......Page 498 References......Page 500 25 Population and environment in Asia......Page 503 Theoretical perspectives on population and environment......Page 504 Population change, consumption and the environment......Page 505 Urbanization and the use of natural resources......Page 510 The middle class and the use of natural resources......Page 512 Water use and pollution......Page 516 Energy use and pollution......Page 518 Population change and sustainable development......Page 523 Notes......Page 524 References......Page 526 26 Population, the state and security in Asia......Page 530 Scale and statehood......Page 531 Political counterparts of demographic transition......Page 532 Relativities and regionalization......Page 534 Population and international conflict......Page 537 ?Game-changers?......Page 539 Political demography of Asia?s century......Page 541 References......Page 542 Projecting future population size and structure......Page 545 History of population projections for Asian countries and analysis of past errors......Page 546 Defining the assumptions for projecting twenty-first century population trends in Asia......Page 548 Projection results for all of Asia and individual countries......Page 551 Conclusions......Page 558 References......Page 561 Major demographic trends in Asia in the first half of the twenty-first century......Page 563 Demographic trends and sustainable development in Asia......Page 567 Notes......Page 568 References......Page 569 Index......Page 571