Sleep Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide for Transitioning Pediatric to Adult Care

Description

Many fields of medicine have looked at the issue of transitioning care from pediatrics to adults. This book focuses on that transition within the field of sleep medicine. This book gathers and presents in volume information that will assist practitioners to transition the care of their pediatric patients suffering from sleep disorders.    The book will discuss anatomical, physiological and psychological aspects as children grow into adulthood. Specifically, changes in brain function and anatomy, cardiorespiratory function and anatomy, and changes in facial structure are explored. Also discussed are the tools that are used for assessing sleep and how it may apply differently to children and adults. Chapters cover each group of sleep disorders with focus on how the diagnosis, prognosis, and management may change with the transition from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. In addition, gaps in needs and research are discussed. Foreword Contents Contributors 1: A Brief History of Sleep Medicine in Children and Adults 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sleep Medicine in Ancient Cultures 1.3 Sleep in the Scriptures 1.4 Scientific History of Sleep Medicine 1.5 History of Polysomnography in Sleep Medicine 1.6 History of Sleep Medicine as a Medical Field 1.7 Education and Training History of Sleep Medicine References 2: Neurological Aspects of Sleep Medicine, How Sleep Evolves, and Regulation of Function 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Brain Changes Across the Life Span Structural Brain Changes Functional Changes in Neurotransmitters 2.3 EEG and Sleep Changes 2.4 Circadian and Homeostatic Changes Circadian Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood Homeostatic Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood 2.5 Clinical Implications 2.6 Summary References 3: Cardiorespiratory Changes as They Relate to Sleep in Transition from Pediatric to Adulthood 3.1 Introduction 3.2 UAW Anatomy 3.3 Tonsils and Adenoids 3.4 UAW Length 3.5 UAW Physiology 3.6 Critical Pressure for UAW Collapse (Pcrit) 3.7 Duration of Apnea and Arousal Threshold (Cortical, Autonomic) 3.8 Ventilatory Control Instability (Loop Gain) and Arousal Effects 3.9 Endothelial Function 3.10 Summary References 4: Sleep Assessment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Adult Questionnaires Sleep Quality Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [3] Sleep Health Index [12] Sleep-EVAL Sleepiness Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Insomnia The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) Sleep Apnea Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) STOP (SQ) and STOP-BANG (SBQ) Questionnaires Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) Four-Variable Screening Tool (4VSC) NoSAS Score No-Apnea Instrument GOAL Questionnaire Other Aspects of Sleep Sleep Duration and Timing Sleep Hygiene Psychological Factors of Sleep Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep (DBAS) Sleep Problem Acceptance Questionnaire (SPAQ) Self-Efficacy for Sleep Scale (SE-S) Metacognitive Processes of Sleep Scale (MPSS) Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) 4.3 Assessment of Children’s Sleep Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Children’s Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) Sleepiness Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire (CASQ) [128] Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD) OSA Screening Questionnaires 4.4 Polysomnography Polysomnography in Adults Polysomnography in Infants and Children Appendix References 5: Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Diagnosis 5.1 Diagnostic Procedures History and Physical Examination OSA Screening Questionnaires Comprehensive Sleep Studies Polysomnography Home Sleep Apnea Testing Blood Biomarkers 5.2 Diagnostic Strategy Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Diagnostic Strategy for OSA 5.3 Decision Support Systems in OSA Diagnosis Automated Sleep Staging from Polysomnography Automated Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea Digital Health Technologies in the Management of Sleep Apnea Advantages and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence in the Management of OSA References 6: Transitional Care of Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of Management of OSA in Children and Adolescents Adenotonsillectomy Medications PAP (Positive Airway Pressure) Therapy Dental Appliance High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Supplemental Oxygen Other Treatments 6.3 Overview of Transition of Care 6.4 Structured Transition Care Program in OSA 6.5 Issues Related to Specific Treatment of OSA Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Medical Therapy Surgery 6.6 Issues Related to Specific Conditions with High Prevalence of OSA Obesity Chromosomal Anomalies and Craniofacial Syndrome References 7: Technology Approaches for Chronic Noninvasive Ventilatory Support in Chronic Respiratory Conditions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Bilevel Positive Pressure Ventilation Central Alveolar Hypoventilation: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Functional Decrease in Respiratory Muscle Capacity: Neuromuscular Diseases Increased Respiratory Load: Cystic Fibrosis Monitoring 7.3 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 7.4 New Modes of Ventilation Hybrid Modes VAPS in Neuromuscular Disease VAPS in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Adaptive Servo-Ventilation 7.5 Telemonitoring 7.6 Active Patient Monitoring 7.7 Transition of Patients on Noninvasive Ventilatory Support Barriers and Facilitators to Transition of Patients on Noninvasive Ventilatory Support Examples of Good Practice 7.8 Conclusion References 8: Chronic Noninvasive Ventilatory Support in Various Chronic Respiratory Conditions Including Protocols 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Noninvasive Ventilation Modes and Settings 8.3 Sleep-Related Hypoventilation and Central Sleep Apnea 8.4 Noninvasive Ventilation in Conditions Involving Neuromuscular Weakness 8.5 Noninvasive Ventilation and Transition of Care References 9: Insomnia Across the Life Span 9.1 Infancy 9.2 Early Childhood 9.3 School Age 9.4 Adolescence 9.5 Early Adulthood Pregnancy Postpartum 9.6 Middle Age Menopause 9.7 Older Adults 9.8 Conclusion and Future Directions References 10: Parasomnias: Diagnosis and Management 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Epidemiology 10.3 Disorders of Arousals 10.4 Confusional Arousals 10.5 Sleep Terrors 10.6 Sleepwalking 10.7 Sleep-Related Eating Disorder 10.8 Sleep Talking 10.9 Exploding Head Syndrome 10.10 Sleep-Related Hallucinations 10.11 REM Sleep Disorders 10.12 Nightmares/Nightmare Disorder 10.13 Sleep Paralysis 10.14 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) 10.15 Enuresis 10.16 Transition of Care for Patients with Parasomnias References 11: Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 11.1 Restless Legs Syndrome Patient Report of RLS Journey Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Diagnostic Features Management and Treatment Options Summary 11.2 Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Diagnostic Features Management and Treatment Options Summary 11.3 Sleep-Related Bruxism Diagnostic Features Treatment Options Summary 11.4 Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder Diagnostic Features Treatment Options Summary 11.5 Restless Sleep Disorder Diagnostic Features Treatment Options Summary References 12: Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Children and Adults 12.1 Circadian Rhythm Across the Life Span 12.2 Influence of the Circadian Rhythm on Sleep 12.3 Circadian Rhythm Through the Life Span 12.4 Pediatric Sleep and Rhythm 12.5 Sleep During Adolescence 12.6 Sleep During Adulthood and Later Life 12.7 Circadian Rhythm Disorders 12.8 Specific Circadian Rhythm Disorders Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder Irregular Sleep Phase Disorder Free-Running (Non-24 h) Sleep Wake Disorder 12.9 Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Neurodevelopmental Disorders 12.10 Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Neurodegenerative Disorders 12.11 Diagnostic Testing for Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Children and Adults 12.12 Management of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Children and Adults Sleep Hygiene Light Therapy Melatonin and Agonists Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm (ISWR) Free-Running (Non-24 h) Disorder (FRD) 12.13 Conclusion References 13: Transitional Care Aspects of the Diagnosis and Management of Narcolepsy and Other Primary Disorders of Hypersomnia 13.1 Introduction Narcolepsy Other Primary Hypersomnia Conditions Transitional Care 13.2 Diagnosis Clinical Aspects Neurophysiological Measures Difficulties with Pediatric Normative Values for Neurophysiological Tests Laboratory Testing Opportunities for Refining the Diagnosis in Transitional Care 13.3 Management Medications Behavioral Management General Management Issues in Transitional Care Life Stage Considerations Housing Driving Education Work Substance Use Comorbid Conditions 13.4 How Transitional Care Works in Toronto, Canada 13.5 Strategies to Improve Transitional Care 13.6 Future Directions Narcolepsy and Other Primary Hypersomnia Conditions Transitional Care in Central Hypersomnolence 13.7 Summary References 14: Transition of Sleep Care in Patients with Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders 14.1 Neurodegenerative Disease Down Syndrome (DS) Cerebral Palsy Neuromuscular Disease Disorders of the Anterior Horn: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Types 1–4 14.2 Neuromuscular Junction Disease Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome 14.3 Disorders of the Muscle Muscular Dystrophy Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne’s and Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy Myotonic Dystrophy Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Congenital Myopathy Nemaline Myopathy X-Linked Myotubular Myopathy Mitochondrial Disease 14.4 Conclusion References 15: Cystic Fibrosis: A Successful Model of Transition of Care and Lessons Learned 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Epidemiology 15.3 Genetics 15.4 Pathophysiology Pulmonary System Gastrointestinal System Pancreas Hepatobiliary Bowel 15.5 Reproductive Health 15.6 Cystic Fibrosis Transitions of Care Transition Concepts Why Is Transition Medicine Important to Cystic Fibrosis? Models of Transition Challenges During Transition Complexity of Health History Unclear Responsibilities of Co-managing Providers Time and Financial Burden of Treatment Regimens Financial Stressors Social Impact of Illness Sexual Health Disparity Peer Group Limitations Additional Resources Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Got Transition/Center for Health Care Transition Improvement References 16: Sickle Cell Disease: Lessons Learned 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Sickle Cell Disease Overview 16.3 Phase 1: Pre-program Development 16.4 Phase 2: Program Development and Evaluation 16.5 Phase 3: Program Dissemination and Implementation 16.6 Future Directions, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned References Index