Synergy Development in Renewables Assisted Multi-carrier Systems

Description

This book explores the different aspects of energy in human life especially expressing the advanced technologies in renewable energy resources. Due to the environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels and the non-permanent nature of these resources, the move towards the use of renewable energy has accelerated. In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve energy systems' performance by using multi-generation units, and these set-ups have been analyzed from the perspective of energy, exergy, economics, and environmental indicators. The book's primary goal is the effort to introduce new methods for assessing and upgrading the synergy. Therefore it examines sustainable practices such as water-energy-food nexus in poly-generation units, novel desalination systems, and smart greenhouses. One of the significant issues in these energy systems is the storage methods; for instance, carbon capture to reduce environmental pollution and the hydrogen store for the utilization in supplementary fuel. Also, robust optimization, uncertainty and risk-aware probabilistic analysis, energy management, and power supply of sensitive places such as oil rig platforms by renewables are examined. Preface Contents Part I Efficiency Improvement from Energy, Exergy, Economic, and Environmental Viewpoints, and Water, Energy, and Food Nexus 1 Exergoeconomic Analysis of Energy Conversion Systems: From Fundamentals to Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Problem Formulation 1.2.1 On Energy Metrics 1.2.2 Components of Exergoeconomic Analysis 1.3 Illustrative Examples and Discussions 1.3.1 Standalone Component (Heat Exchanger Analysis) 1.3.2 Multi-Component System (Desalination System Analysis) 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Efficiency Improvement and Cost Analysis of a New Combined Absorption Cooling and Power System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 System Description 2.3 System Modeling and Simulation 2.3.1 Assumptions and Input Data 2.3.2 Energy Analysis 2.3.3 Exergy Analysis 2.3.4 Exergoeconomic Evaluation 2.3.5 Evaluation Parameters of the Cogeneration System 2.4 Results and Discussion 2.4.1 Validation 2.4.2 Numerical Results 2.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 2.4.4 Cycle Optimization 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Reliability and Availability Consideration in Design of an Ammonia-Water CHP System for a Low-Temperature Geothermal Source 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of Layout 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 3.3.2 Thermoeconomic Analysis 3.3.3 Reliability Modeling 3.3.4 Main Performance Metrics 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Main Results 3.4.2 Parametric Study 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Thermodynamic, Economic and Environmental Study of a Combined Power Generation Cycle Using Biogas Fuel as a Primary Heat Source 4.1 Introduction 4.2 System Description 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 Thermodynamic Presumptions 4.3.2 Mathematical Simulation of GT Sub-System 4.3.3 Energy and Exergy Assessment 4.3.4 Exergoeconomic Evaluation 4.3.5 Exergoenvironmental Evaluation 4.3.6 Performance Evaluation 4.4 Results and Arguments 4.4.1 Energy and Exergy Outcomes 4.4.2 Parametric Study 4.5 Conclusions References 5 A Biomass Assisted Solar-Based Multi-generation Plant with Hydrogen and Freshwater Production: Sustainability, Advanced Exergy and Advanced Exergo-Economic Assessments 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Description of the System 5.3 Process Assessment and Performance of Criteria 5.3.1 Sustainability Index Analysis 5.3.2 Advanced Exergy Method 5.3.3 Advanced Exergo-Economic Method 5.3.4 Verification of the Developed Model 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Principle of Life Cycle Assessment and Cumulative Exergy Demand for Biodiesel Production: Farm-To-Combustion Approach 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Farm-To-Combustion 6.2.1 Case Study, Data Collection and Oilseeds Production 6.2.2 Oil Extraction Process 6.2.3 Biodiesel Production and Glycerol Additive 6.2.4 Combustion Sector 6.3 LCA Method 6.3.1 Goal and Scope Determination 6.3.2 LCI 6.3.3 LCIA 6.3.4 Life Cycle Interpretation 6.4 CExD 6.5 Interpretation of Results 6.5.1 Exhaust Emissions Analysis 6.5.2 Exergoenvironmental Damages Assessment for Farm to Biodiesel Production 6.5.3 Exergoenvironmental Damages of Power Generation 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Multi-generation System Optimization Compromising Water-Energy-Environment Nexus 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodology 7.3 Modeling 7.4 Optimization 7.5 Results and Discussion 7.5.1 Optimization 7.6 Conclusion References Part II Procedures for Storage and Carbon Capture in Energy System Set-Ups 8 Primary Fuel Savings and CO2 Emission Reduction in the Municipal Waste via Anaerobic Digestion 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Documents and Assumptions 8.3 Methodology 8.3.1 Anaerobic Dry Digestion 8.3.2 Selected Power Plants 8.3.3 Landfill Technology 8.3.4 Waste Incinerator 8.4 Results and Discussions 8.4.1 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction 8.4.2 Energy Savings Cost and Payback Time 8.5 Conclusions References 9 Carbon Capture and Utilization as an Alternative for Renewable Energy Storage 9.1 Importance of CO2 Capture 9.2 Strategies for Reducing Carbon Emissions 9.3 CO2 Capture Systems 9.3.1 Capture from Industrial Process Streams 9.3.2 Post-combustion Capture 9.3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion Capture 9.3.4 Pre-combustion Capture 9.4 Carbon Dioxide Utilization 9.4.1 Mineral Carbonation: Technology, Impacts and Costs 9.4.2 Industrial Uses 9.5 CO2 Conversion 9.5.1 Modern Strategies for CO2 Conversion 9.5.2 Electrochemical Conversion 9.5.3 Solar Thermochemical Conversion 9.5.4 Biochemical Conversion 9.5.5 Catalytic Conversion 9.6 Adsorbent Materials for CO2 Capture 9.6.1 Carbon-Based Adsorbents 9.6.2 Zeolites 9.6.3 Advanced Adsorbents 9.6.4 Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds 9.6.5 Molecular Sieves 9.6.6 Metal Organic Framework 9.7 Experimental Investigation of Activated Carbon Production 9.7.1 Experimental Process 9.7.2 Experimental Design 9.7.3 Model 9.8 Cost Analysis of CO2 Capture Process References 10 A Critical Survey of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 BECCS Overview 10.2.1 What is BECCS? 10.2.2 The Role of BECCS in Climate Change 10.2.3 The Potentials of BECCS 10.3 BECCS Plants: Past, Present, and Future 10.4 BECCS Challenges 10.4.1 Technical Challenges 10.4.2 Social and Political Challenges 10.5 BECCS and the Food-Water-Energy-Climate Nexus 10.5.1 Food Security 10.5.2 Water Issues 10.5.3 Energy 10.5.4 Climate Change 10.6 Conclusion and Outlooks References 11 Working, Modeling and Applications of Molten Salt TES Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Integration Requirements of TES Systems for an Application 11.3 Economic Requirements of TES Systems 11.4 Economic Requirements of TES Systems 11.4.1 General Classification of TES Systems 11.5 Working Principal of Molten Salt with TES 11.5.1 Two-Tank Type Configuration 11.5.2 Single Thermocline TES Configuration 11.6 Potential and Applications of Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage 11.6.1 Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage in CSP System—Transition from Coal to Renewables Energy Resources 11.6.2 Molten Salt Storage for Residential Heating Applications 11.6.3 Molten Salt Storage for Industrial Processes 11.7 Numerical Modeling and Simulation Techniques 11.7.1 Mathematical Models 11.7.2 Single Phase Models 11.7.3 Performance Parameters 11.8 Numerical Modeling Using CFD Tools 11.8.1 Setting up the Problem and Models Validation 11.9 Recent Trends and Challenges in TES 11.10 Chapter Summary References 12 Optimization of Multi-stage Cooling System’s Performance for Hydrogen Fueled Scramjet 12.1 Introduction 12.2 System Expression 12.3 Methodology and Assumptions 12.3.1 Considered Suppositions 12.3.2 The Mathematic Simulation of Scramjet 12.3.3 Cycle Analysis for the Scramjet Engine Modeling 12.3.4 Performance Criteria of Open Cooling Cycle 12.3.5 PEM Electrolyzer Equations 12.3.6 Thermodynamic Assessment 12.3.7 Multi-criteria Optimization 12.4 Result and Arguments 12.4.1 Results of Thermodynamic Simulation 12.4.2 Optimization Results 12.5 Noteworthy Conclusions References Part III Energy Procurement in Sensitive Places and Remote Areas 13 Abandoned Wells and Geothermal Energy: A Survey on the Utilization of Geothermal Heat from Abandoned Wells in Energy Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Advantages and Challenges 13.3 Heat Extraction from the Abandoned Wells 13.4 The Utilized Micro Energy Systems in the Abandoned Wells 13.5 A New Approach 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Introducing a New System for Energy Recovery of High and Mid-Temperature Renewable Energy Sources: Free Piston Stirling Engine Combined with a Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Machine 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Free Piston Stirling Engine 14.2.1 Dynamic Analysis 14.2.2 Thermic Analysis 14.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis 14.3 Electrodynamic Modeling of the Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Machine 14.3.1 Electro-Dynamic Analysis 14.3.2 Control System 14.4 FPSE-PMLSM Combined System 14.4.1 Thermo-Electro-Dynamic Analysis 14.4.2 Control System 14.4.3 Optimization 14.5 Applications (in a Tri-Generation IRSOFC Based System) References 15 Detailed 3E Exploration of a Sugar Industry Using Its Experimental Data 15.1 Introduction 15.2 System Description 15.3 System Modeling and Simulation 15.3.1 Simulation of the Combustion Process 15.3.2 Definition Parameters in Exergy Balance 15.3.3 Exergo-Economic Analysis of the System 15.4 Results and Discussion 15.4.1 Parametric Study 15.5 Conclusions Appendix References 16 Energy-Efficient Humidity Pump System for Poultry Houses 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Proposed Humidity Pump Systems 16.2.1 Standalone Desiccant Air-Conditioning (DAC) System 16.2.2 M-Cycle Assisted DAC System 16.3 Materials and Methods 16.4 Results and Discussion 16.5 Conclusion References Part IV Deterministic and Risk-Aware Short-Term Scheduling of Smart Grids 17 Emerging Business Models for IoT-Based Smart Distribution Systems 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Definition of Business Models 17.3 The Components of the Business Model 17.3.1 Customer Section 17.3.2 Proposed Value 17.3.3 Channels 17.3.4 Customer Relationship 17.3.5 Revenue Stream 17.3.6 Key Resources 17.3.7 Key Activities 17.3.8 Key Contributions 17.3.9 Cost Structure 17.4 A Variety of Business Models 17.4.1 Segregated Business Model 17.4.2 Follow-Up Business Model 17.4.3 Free Business Model 17.4.4 Open Business Model 17.5 IoT Ecosystems 17.5.1 The Concept of the Internet of Things and Its Application 17.5.2 Different Types of IoT 17.5.3 IoT Architectures 17.5.4 Operating Systems on IoT 17.5.5 Data Storage 17.5.6 IoT Platform 17.5.7 IoT Data Processing 17.5.8 Internet Network 17.5.9 IoT Security 17.5.10 IoT Technologies 17.5.11 Suggested IoT Ecosystems 17.6 IoT-Based Smart Distribution Grid 17.6.1 Introducing Smart Grid 17.6.2 Smart Grid Architecture 17.6.3 IoT-Based Smart Distribution Grid 17.6.4 IoT-Based Smart Grid Architectures 17.6.5 IoT-Based Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure 17.6.6 IoT Applications in Power System Distribution 17.7 New Businesses in IoT-Based Distribution Networks 17.7.1 The Conceptual Model of the Smart Grid and Its Components 17.7.2 Identifying Businesses Related to IoT-Based Smart Distribution Network 17.7.3 Business Model Canvases on IoT-Based Smart Distribution Network 17.7.4 IoT-Based Smart Distribution Network Problems and Challenges 17.8 Conclusions References 18 Modeling the Energy Storage Systems in the Power System Studies 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Introduction of Energy Storage Systems 18.2.1 Technical and Economic Characteristics 18.2.2 Classifications 18.2.3 Applications in Power Systems 18.3 Modeling the ESS’s Specifications 18.3.1 State of Charge 18.3.2 Depth of Discharge 18.3.3 Efficiency 18.3.4 Life Time 18.4 Modeling the ESS in the Power System Studies 18.4.1 ESSs Expansion Planning from the Power System Planner’s Point of View 18.4.2 ESSs Expansion Planning from the Investor's Point of View 18.4.3 ESSs Operation Planning 18.5 Conclusion References