MRCOG Part 2: Essential Revision Guide

Description

This book presents a high-yield, simple and efficient source of preparation for Membership of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) part 2 examination. It is made to be very simple, extremely organized, easy to use, and focused. It will help candidates to perfectly prepare for the exam.  This book is a perfect source for doctors who prepare for the exam while they are busy in their practice. In addition, it is an illustrated simple reference to obstetricians and gynaecologists to they can refer to UK-based guidelines in their practice. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS PART I General obstetrics CHAPTER 1 Antenatal care Antenatal Care General Concepts of Antenatal Care Contents of appointments I. Instructions II. Counseling Management of common symptoms Malpractice during antenatal care Vaccination in Pregnancy Types of vaccines Vaccines and pregnancy Vaccines and breastfeeding Obesity with Pregnancy Risks Management Obstetric Analgesia Types of pain medications External Cephalic Version Timing The procedure Outcomes Complications Contraindications Anti-D Administration in Pregnancy Administration of anti-D Role of FMH testing Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 2 Intrapartum management Preterm Labour Definitions of preterm labour Prevention of preterm labour Diagnosis of PPROM Diagnosis of Preterm labour Treatment of preterm labour Foetal monitoring Mode of birth Timing of cord clamping Management of Normal Labour Birth setting First stage of labour Second stage of labour Third stage of labour Intrapartum CTG Breech Presentation Epidemiology Diagnosis Antenatal management Intrapartum management Shoulder Dystocia Background Clinical approach Operative Vaginal Delivery Prevention of operative vaginal delivery indications classification Contraindications Prerequisites Vacuum vs. forceps Postpartum care Umbilical Cord Prolapse Screening Definition Incidence Risk factors Screening Prevention Early diagnosis (suspicion) Management Vaginal Birth After Caesarean Antenatal care Intrapartum management of VBAC Comparison between VBAC and ERCS Special situations Induction of Labour Epidemiology Decision-making Special indications Methods of IOL Setting Management of IOL Failed induction Complications Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Tears Epidemiology Classification Risk factors Prevention Management Prognosis Caesarean Delivery Indications Prevention Preoperative preparation CS procedure Postoperative care Postpartum Hemorrhage Definitions Risk factors Prevention Treatment Secondary PPH Maternal Collapse Epidemiology Causes Challenging to diagnosis Challenging to resuscitation Management Prognosis Blood Transfusion in Obstetrics Blood products Other treatment options Antenatal considerations Intrapartum management Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 3 Postpartum care Thromboprophylaxis in Pregnancy and Puerperium Risk assessment Antepartum management Intrapartum management Postpartum management Medication profile Postpartum Genital Hematomas Postpartum psychosis Background Incidence Risk factors Preconception counselling Clinical presentation Management Postpartum care Abstract Keywords Further readings PART II Obstetrics: Complications of early pregnancy CHAPTER 4 Early pregnancy complications Early Pregnancy Loss Background Warning features Referral to EPAS Assessment of early symptoms Management of miscarriage Management of ectopic pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy Incidence Risk factors Diagnosis Management Nausea and Vomiting with Pregnancy Background Epidemiology Clinical course Clinical assessment Sequalae Management setting Management Recurrence Early pregnancy complications Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 5 Obstetric haemorrhage Antepartum Haemorrhage Definitions Complications of APH Management of APH Placenta Praevia Epidemiology Risk factors Clinical course Assessment Antepartum management Intrapartum management Placenta Accreta Epidemiology Risk factors Diagnosis Intrapartum management Vasa Praevia Definition Incidence Risk factors Diagnosis Management Antepartum haemorrhage Abstract Keywords Further readings PART III Obstetrics: Maternal and foetal medicine CHAPTER 6 Maternal infection Malaria with Pregnancy Epidemiology Definitions Complications Methods of malaria prevention Diagnosis Management Bacterial Sepsis with Pregnancy Pathogens Management Genital Herpes in Pregnancy Incidence Classification Aetiology Clinical picture Antepartum management Intrapartum management Certain circumstances Neonatal management Group B Streptococci in Pregnancy Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Pregnancy Antenatal care Intrapartum management Neonatal management Postpartum management Hepatitis and HIV Maternal infection with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 7 Neurologic disorders Epilepsy and Pregnancy Epidemiology Course of epilepsy in pregnancy Risks of epilepsy on pregnancy Diagnosis of epilepsy Antepartum management Intrapartum management Postpartum management Contraception Headache and Pregnancy Classification Assessment Specific causes Stroke and Pregnancy Epidemiology Clinical presentation Investigations Management Multiple Sclerosis with Pregnancy Definition Epidemiology Classification Clinical presentation MS and assisted reproduction MS and pregnancy Obstetric management Spinal Cord Injury and Pregnancy Background Precon ception counselling Antenatal care Labour and delivery Postpartum care Neurologic disorders with pregnancy Abstrac Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 8 Cardiovascular disorders Hypertension in Pregnancy Definition of pre-eclampsia Screening for preeclampsia Assessment of proteinuria Management of chronic hypertension in pregnancy Management of gestational hypertension Management of preeclampsia Fetal monitoring Intrapartum care Critical care Postnatal treatment Follow-up Abbreviations Myocardial Infarction and Pregnancy Incidence Physiological changes in pregnancy Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction (MI) Diagnosis Investigations Treatment Timing and mode of delivery Cardiac Disease with Pregnancy Epidemiology Diagnosis of heart diseases with pregnancy Management of cardiac diseases with pregnancy Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and Pregnancy Introduction Diagnosis Effect of pregnancy on POTS Effect of pregnancy on POTS Management in pregnancy Treatment of POTS in pregnancy Cardiovascular disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 9 Endocrine disorders Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy Preconception management Gestational diabetes (GDM) Antenatal care Intrapartum care Neonatal care Postnatal care Follow-up of GDM after birth Thyroid Dysfunction with Pregnancy Hyperthyroidism with pregnancy Incidence Treatment options Follow-up Complications Hypothyroidism with pregnanc Incidence Diagnosis Complications Management Postpartum thyroiditis Definition Incidence Management Prognosis Diabetes Insipidus with Pregnancy Incidence Risk factors Classification Diagnosis Endocrine disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 10 Gastrointestinal disorders Liver Masses and Pregnancy Constipation in pregnancy Epidemiology Clinical picture Treatment Gastrointestinal disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 11 Respiratory disorders Asthma in Pregnancy Definition Epidemiology Differential diagnosis Asthma and pregnancy Management Cystic Fibrosis in Pregnancy Epidemiology Aetiology CF and fertility CF and pregnancy Management Respiratory disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 12 Immunologic disorders Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy Prevalence Clinical features SLE and fertility Preconception management Antepartum management Drug therapy of SLE Metabolic disorders Phenylketonuria in pregnancy Definition pidemiology Classification Maternal PKU syndrome Management Immunologic and metabolic disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 13 Renal disorders Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy Definition Incidence Causes Management Renal disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 14 Dermatologic disorders Dermatoses of Pregnancy Dermatologic disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 15 Hematological disorders Thalassemia in Pregnancy Background Obstetric risks Preconception care Antenatal care Intrapartum care Postnatal care Sickle Cell Anaemia with Pregnancy Background Preconception management Antenatal care Management of complications Intrapartum management Postpartum management Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy Definition Epidemiology Body iron Risk factors Diagnosis Obstetric complications Treatment Thromboembolic Disease in Pregnancy Background Investigations Management Postpartum management Inherited Bleeding Disorders in Pregnancy Hemophilia Definition Obstetric risks Preconception care Antenatal care Intrapartum management Neonatal management Von Willebrand disease (VWD) Factor XI deficienc Platelet dysfunction Haematologic disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 16 Surgical disorders Appendicitis in Pregnancy Incidence Presentation Investigations Differential diagnosis Maternal and foetal morbidity Management Breast Cancer and Pregnancy Incidence Diagnosis Management of newly diagnosed patients in pregnancy Management of patients with history of breast cancer Fertility after breast cancer Prognosis Fibroids with Pregnancy Incidence Fibroids and pregnancy Fibroids and fertility Management in pregnancy Pregnancy After Bariatric Surgery Background Types of bariatric surgery General effects of bariatric surgery Management of pregnancy after bariatric surgery Obstetric outcomes of bariatric surgery Pregnancy After Treatment of Cancer Effect of cancer treatment Obstetric outcomes Obstetric care Surgical disorders with pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 17 Congenital infections Chickenpox in Pregnancy Epidemiology Transmission Management Maternal risks Fetal risks Neonatal risks Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy Epidemiology Virology Clinical features Prenatal diagnosis Prognosis of congenital CMV Management Prevention Rubella in Pregnancy Background Vertical transmission Diagnosis Prevention Management Toxoplasma in Pregnancy Mode of transmission Risk of transmission Diagnosis Management Parvovirus B19 in Pregnancy Background Vertical transmission Clinical presentation Investigations Management Syphilis in Pregnancy Background Stages of syphilis Syphilis and pregnancy Treatment Congenital syphilis Zika virus in pregnancy Background Clinical picture Complications Management Congenital infections during pregnancy Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 18 Foetal medicine Serum Markers of Obstetric Complications Markers of trisomy 21 Markers of adverse obstetric events Noninvasive Prenatal Testing Background Accuracy Advantages Disadvantages Invasive Prenatal Testing Introduction Timing Complications Consenting Technique Good practice Third trimester amniocentesis Risk of transmission of infection Genetic Disorders and Genetic Testing Genetic disorders Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Invasive prenatal testing Fetal Growth Restriction Background Assessment of high-risk population Assessment of low-risk population Investigations Prevention Management Red Cell Alloimmunization Background Antenatal assessment Maternal care Intrapartum management Neonatal management Reduced Foetal Movements Background Approach Polyhydramnios Background Causes Assessment Classification Complications Antepartum management Intrapartum management Outcomes Intrauterine Fetal Death Definitions Causes Approach Pregnancy following unexplained stillbirth Antenatal care of Multiple Pregnancy Booking visit Antenatal care Intrapartum management Foetal medicine Abstract Keywords Further readings PART IV General gynecology CHAPTER 19 Pelvic pain Chronic Pelvic Pain Definition Causes Clinical assessment Investigations Management Pelvic Congestion Syndrome Epidemiology Aetiology Clinical picture Investigations Treatment Endometriosis Diagnosis Management Genital infections Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Aetiology Risk factors Clinical presentation assessment Complications Treatment Follow-up Pelvic pain Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 20 Menstrual disorders Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Definition Clinical assessment Investigations Treatment Uterine Fibroids Definition Prevalence Risk factors Clinical picture Investigations Classification Treatment Premenstrual Syndrome Definition Epidemiology Clinical picture Diagnosis Classification Management Menstrual disorders Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 21 Menopause Postmenopausal Bleeding Definition Causes of PMB Assessment Hormone Replacement Therapy Benefits Risks Contraindications Initiation of HRT Alternatives to HRT Unscheduled bleeding with HRT Vulval Dermatoses and Skin Conditions Vulval dermatoses Vulval pain General recommendations Menopause Abstract Keywords Further readings PART V Reproductive endocrinology and gynecologic oncology CHAPTER 22 Contraception Contraception Combined hormonal contraception Progestin only pills (POPs) Long acting reversible contraception (LARC) Emergency contraception Postpartum contraception Contraception in teenagers Reproductive endocrinology Infertility Overview Background Assessment Management Intra-uterine insemination (IUI) In-vitro fertilization (IVF) Intracytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) Gamete donation Cryopreservation Male Factor Infertility Background Causes Clinical assessment Investigations Management Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Definition Assessment Complications Complications Management Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Incidence Protocols Diagnosis Classification Management Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Definition Epidemiology Diagnosis Complications Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) Management of infertility Tubal Factor Infertility Assessment of tubal patency Tubal surgery Unexplained Infertility Contributing factors Investigations treatment Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Background Management Management of cerclage Outflow Tract Disorders Hirsutism Background Aetiology Clinical classification treatment Antenatal Care Following Assisted Reproduction Early pregnancy complications Advanced pregnancy complications Reproductive endocrinology Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 23 Gynecologic oncology Ovarian Cysts Ovarian cysts in neonates Ovarian cysts in children and odolescents Types Clinical presentation Investigations Management Ovarian cysts in adult premenopausal women Epidemiology Diagnosis Risk assessment Management Ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women Epidemiology Diagnosis Risk assessment Management Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology Risk factors Protective factors Diagnosis Risk assessment Prevention Management Recurrent disease Type-specific considerations Prognosis Borderline Ovarian Tumours Epidemiology Risk factors Classification Diagnosis Management Follow-up Prognosis Ovarian Cancer Prevention Epidemiology Risk factors Screening of ovarian cancer Premature menopause Endometrial Hyperplasia Risk factors Assessment Management Uterine Cancer Incidence Cancer screening Cancer Prevention diagnosis Surgical management Adjuvant therapy Management of unfit patient Fertility preserving management Follow-up Management of relapsed EC Vulval Cancer Background Screening Diagnosis Treatment Complications Follow-up Prognosis Staging Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Definition Incidence Types Diagnosis Early detection Management Twin pregnancy with a complete mole Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia Recurrence Cervical Cancer Screening Screening schedule Screening method Management of screening results Follow-up after treatment Cervical Cancer Risk factors Diagnosis Management Hormonal Therapy After Gynecologic Cancer Treatment Hormone replacement therapy Alternatives to hormonal therapy Gynaecologic oncology Abstract Keywords Further readings PART VI Urogynecology and gynecologic surgery CHAPTER 24 Urogynaecology Female Genital Mutilation Definition Classification Complications Management Pelvic Organ Prolapse Definition Clinical assessment Investigations Management Mesh-related complications Post-Hysterectomy Vaginal Vault Prolapse Incidence Diagnosis Prevention Management Urinary Incontinence Background Types Clinical assessment Investigations Management Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Definition Risk factors Management Bladder Pain Syndrome Definition Incidence Diagnosis Management Urethral Diverticulum Background Clinical presentation Investigations Complications Management Management of Transgender Background Management Cystoscopy in Gynaecology Indications Contraindications Complications Procedure Urinary Catheters in Gynaecology Types Complications Urogynecology Abstract Keywords Further readings CHAPTER 25 Gynaecologic surgery Surgical Instruments in Gynaecology Office Hysteroscopy Prior to procedure Cervical preparation Sedation Anaelgesia Equipment Approach Laparoscopic Entry Complications Incidence Risk factors Prevention Abdominal Incisions and Closure Types of abdominal incisions Closure of abdominal incision Closure of unclean wounds Incisions and closure in obese patients Laparoscopic incisions and closure Wound closure materials Hysterectomy Abdominal hysterectomy Vaginal hysterectomy Complications Enhanced Recovery in Gynaecology Preoperative phase Perioperative phase Postoperative phase Discharge Prevention of Surgical Site Infection Pre-operative phase Intra-operative phase post-operative phase Laparscopic Vascular Injuries Risk of vascular injuries Prevention Management Postoperative care Nerve Injuries in Gynaecologic Surgery Mechanism of injury Lumbosacral injury Brachial plexus injury Diagnosis of nerve injuries Treatment of nerve injuries Prevention of nerve injuries Uterine Perforation Incidence Risk factors Diagnosis Prevention Management Gynecologic surgery Abstract Keywords Further readings APPENDIX Research and practice Audit Audit prospective Audit cycle Failure of audit Consents and Ethics Terms Consent items Surgical risks Medical Education Types of assessment Methods of learning Medical Statistics Diagnostic tests Risks Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) Meta-analysis assessment Abstract Keywords Further readings