General and Inorganic Chemistry: Theoretical Foundations, Main Group Elements, Transition Metals, Lanthanides, and Actinides

Description

General and Inorganic Chemistry covers the fundamental principles and general directions of chemistry and the physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds, with an emphasis on their biological role. The first part of the textbook presents basic theoretical topics such as the structure of the atom, periodic table and law, chemical bonding and complex compounds. It includes topics related to chemical processes, such as chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, catalysis, chemical equilibrium, redox processes, physicochemical analysis, as well as topics on solutions, such as disperse systems, electrolyte solutions and colloidal solutions. This part gives students systematic theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of general chemistry, with an emphasis on biochemical processes. The second part of the textbook is dedicated to chemical elements. It is built on the concept of interconnection "place in the periodic table - chemical properties - biological role of chemical elements and their compounds" and is adapted to the needs of pharmaceutical practice. It includes an analysis of the sources and preparations of the elements, their common compounds, their physical and chemical properties, and their applications. Attention is specifically focused on the role and influence of chemical elements and their compounds on biological systems and mainly on the human body. Students are expected to build the necessary thinking and skills to apply this knowledge in their professional realization. The compulsory course in general and inorganic chemistry is in line with the modern requirements for in-depth fundamental knowledge and practical skills in the training of pharmacy and medical students. At the same time, the students pursuing MSc Chemical Engineering and other professional studies will also find the book extremely useful. The objective is to provide the students with comprehensive treatment of the subject on modern lines. Fundamental principles, general directions of chemistry and cutting-edge topics. Role and functions of chemical elements and their compounds on biosystems. Specifically written for students in pharmacy and medicine. Cover Half Title Also of interest General and Inorganic Chemistry: Theoretical Foundations, Main Group Elements, Transition Metals, Lanthanides, and Actinides Copyright Preface Contents Section A: Theoretical foundations 1. Introduction 2. Structure of the atom 2.1 Early models of the atom 2.1.1 Thomson model 2.1.2 Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment 2.1.2.1 Drawbacks of Rutherford model 2.1.3 Developments leading to the Bohr’s model 2.2 Quantum mechanical approach 2.2.1 Quantization and photons 2.2.2 Atomic line spectra 2.2.3 Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom: quantization of electronic structure 2.2.4 Dual behavior of matter (de Broglie equation) 2.2.5 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 2.2.6 Quantum mechanical model of atom 2.3 Characteristics of quantum numbers. Atomic orbitals 2.3.1 Principal quantum number (n) 2.3.2 Azimuthal or orbital angular quantum number (ℓ ) 2.3.3 Magnetic orbital quantum number (m or mℓ) 2.3.4 Spin quantum number (s or ms) 2.4 Electronic structure of atoms 2.4.1 Aufbau principle 2.4.2 Pauli exclusion principle 2.4.3 Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity 2.4.4 Electronic configuration of atoms 2.4.5 Completely filled and half-filled subshells 2.5 Atomic nucleus 2.5.1 Nuclear forces 3. Atomic properties and the periodic table 3.1 Genesis of periodic classification 3.2 Structure of the periodic table of chemical elements 3.3 Periodic trends in properties of elements 4. Chemical bonds and the structure of molecules 4.1 Definition and main characteristics of chemical bond 4.1.1 Basic parameters of chemical bonding 4.1.2 Types of chemical bonding 4.2 Ionic chemical bond 4.3 Covalent bonding 4.3.1 Nonpolar covalent bonds 4.3.2 Polar bond 4.3.3 Dipole moment 4.4 Valence bond theory 4.4.1 Types of orbital overlaps 4.5 Hybridization 4.5.1 Types of hybridization 4.5.2 Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) 4.5.3 Resonance 4.6 Molecular orbital theory 4.6.1 Types of molecular orbitals 4.6.2 Bonding in some homonuclear molecules 4.7 Intermolecular interactions 4.7.1 van der Waals interactions 4.7.1.1 Dipole-dipole orientation interactions 4.7.1.2 Ion-induced dipolar interactions 4.7.1.3 London forces and dispersion interactions 4.7.2 Hydrogen bonding 4.7.2.1 Types of H-bonds 4.7.2.2 Importance 5. Complex compounds 5.1 Basic concepts 5.2 Nomenclature and main types of complexes 5.3 Isomerism 5.3.1 Structural isomerism 5.3.2 Stereoisomerism 5.4 Dissociation of complex compounds in solution: stability of complexes 5.4.1 Factors affecting the stability of complexes 5.4.2 Dissociation and stability constants 5.5 Chemical bonding in complex compounds 5.5.1 Valence bond method 5.5.1.1 Structure of the complexes with coordination numbers 2, 4, and 6 5.5.1.2 Four coordinated complexes 5.5.1.2.1 Tetrahedral complexes 5.5.1.2.2 Square planar complexes 5.5.1.3 Six coordinated complexes 5.5.2 Crystal field theory 5.5.2.1 Postulates of crystal field theory 5.5.2.2 Crystal field stabilization energy 5.5.3 Molecular orbital method 5.5.4 Ligand field theory 6. Chemical thermodynamics 6.1 Main terms 6.2 Basic thermodynamic principles and quantities 7. Chemical kinetics 7.1 Basic concepts in chemical kinetics 7.2 Rate of chemical reactions 7.2.1 Types of rates 7.2.2 Factors affecting the rate 7.3 The effect of concentration on the reaction rate 7.3.1 Rate laws 7.3.2 Physical meaning of the rate constant 7.3.3 Determining orders of reactions 7.4 The effect of temperature on reaction rate 7.4.1 Energy changes: activation energy 7.4.2 Distribution curves 8. Catalysis 8.1 Influence of catalysts on the rate of chemical processes 8.2 Types of catalysis 9. Chemical equilibrium 9.1 Features of chemical equilibrium 9.2 Influence of conditions on chemical equilibrium 10. Disperse systems 10.1 General characteristics of disperse systems: classification 10.2 Solutions: mechanism of dissolution 10.3 Methods of expressing the concentration of solutions 10.4 Colligative properties 11. Electrolyte solutions 11.1 Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes 11.2 рН, acids, bases, and salts 11.2.1 Acids, bases, and salts 11.2.2 Water as an electrolyte 11.2.3 pH measurements and indicators 11.3 Hydrolysis 11.3.1 Hydrolysis of salts and the pH of their solutions 11.3.1.1 Group I: salts of strong acids and strong bases (NaCl, K2SO4, Ca(NO3)2, and CsClO4) 11.3.1.2 Group II: salts of strong bases and weak acids (CH3COONa, KCN, Na2CO3, and K2S) 11.3.1.3 Group III: salts of weak bases and strong acids (NH4Cl, CuCl2, ZnSO4, and Al(NO3)3) 11.3.1.4 Group IV: salts of weak bases and weak acids (CH3COONH4, ZnS, Cr2S3, and (NH4)2CO3) 11.3.2 Hydrolysis of acidic salts 11.3.3 Hydrolysis of normal salts obtained by the neutralization of strong acids and multivalent bases 11.4 Solubility product 12. Colloids 12.1 Methods for preparation of colloids 12.2 Properties of colloid systems 12.2.1 Kinetic properties 12.2.2 Optical properties 12.2.3 Electrical properties and the structure of lyophobic colloidal particles 12.2.3.1 Electrical double layer 12.3 Stability of colloidal solutions 13. Physicochemical analysis 13.1 Phase rule and equilibrium 13.2 Freezing mixtures 14. Oxidation-reduction processes 14.1 Basic concepts 14.2 Oxidation state 14.3 Types of redox reactions 14.4 Redox reactions and electrode processes: electrochemical cells 14.5 Standard electrode potential 14.6 Electrolysis 14.6.1 Electrolysis in melts 14.6.2 Electrolysis in aqueous solutions of electrolytes 14.6.2.1 Electrolysis in NaCl solution 14.6.2.2 Electrolysis in Na2SO4 aqueous solution 14.6.2.3 Electrolysis in CuSO4 aqueous solution 14.6.2.4 Electrolysis in KOH aqueous solution 14.6.2.5 Electrolysis in H2SO4 aqueous solution Section B: Chemical elements Section B.I: Main groups of the periodic table 15. Hydrogen 15.1 Isotopes of hydrogen 15.2 Synthesis 15.3 Properties 15.4 Use and biological role 15.5 Chemical compounds 15.5.1 Hydrides 15.5.1.1 Ionic hydrides 15.5.1.2 Covalent hydrides 15.5.1.3 Metal hydrides 15.5.2 Water 15.5.2.1 Synthesis 15.5.2.2 Properties of water 15.5.3 Hydrogen peroxide 15.5.3.1 Synthesis 15.5.3.2 Properties 16. First main group of the periodic table 16.1 General characteristics of s-elements 16.2 General characteristics of s-elements of group IA 16.3 Properties 16.3.1 Physical properties 16.3.2 Chemical properties 16.4 Chemical compounds 16.4.1 Hydrides 16.4.2 Oxides 16.4.3 Hydroxides 16.4.4 Salts 16.5 Usage 16.6 Biological role 17. Second main group of the periodic table 17.1 General characteristics of the s-elements of IIA group 17.2 Properties 17.2.1 Physical properties 17.2.2 Chemical properties 17.3 Chemical compounds 17.3.1 Hydrides 17.3.2 Compounds with oxygen 17.3.3 Oxides of alkaline earth metals 17.3.4 Hydroxides 17.3.5 Salts 17.4 Application 17.4.1 Beryllium 17.4.2 Magnesium 17.4.3 Calcium 17.5 Biological role 18. Third main group of the periodic table 18.1 General characteristics of the elements 18.1.1 Occurrence 18.1.2 Physical properties 18.2 Boron and its compounds 18.2.1 Physical and chemical properties 18.2.2 Synthesis 18.2.3 Chemical compounds 18.2.3.1 Usage and biological role 18.3 Aluminum and its compounds 18.3.1 Physical properties 18.3.2 Preparation 18.3.3 Chemical properties 18.3.4 Chemical compounds 18.3.5 Application 18.4 Gallium, indium, and thallium 18.4.1 Chemical properties 18.4.2 Chemical compounds 18.4.3 Use and biological role 19. Fourth main group of the periodic table 19.1 General characteristics of the elements of IVA group 19.2 Carbon 19.2.1 Allotropy and properties of carbon 19.2.2 Usage and biological role of carbon 19.2.3 Chemical compounds of carbon 19.2.3.1 Simple hydrocarbons and carbides 19.2.3.2 Carbon(II) compounds 19.2.3.3 Carbon(IV) compounds 19.3 Silicon 19.3.1 General characteristics 19.3.2 Occurrence 19.3.3 Usage and biological role 19.3.4 Preparation 19.3.5 Physical and chemical properties of silicon 19.3.6 Chemical compounds of silicon 19.3.6.1 Hydrides 19.3.6.2 Silicides 19.3.6.3 Halogenides and other compounds with more electronegative elements 19.3.6.4 Usage 19.4 Germanium, tin, and lead 19.4.1 Physical and chemical properties 19.4.2 Chemical compounds 19.4.2.1 Oxides 19.4.2.2 Hydroxides and oxosalts 19.4.2.3 Hydrides 19.4.2.4 Halides 19.4.2.5 Sulfides 19.4.3 Usage and biological role of germanium, tin, and lead 20. Fifth main group of the periodic table 20.1 General characteristics of the elements of VA group 20.2 Nitrogen 20.2.1 Brief description 20.2.2 Synthesis 20.2.3 Biological role 20.2.4 Chemical compounds 20.2.4.1 Hydrides 20.2.4.2 Halides 20.2.4.3 Oxides 20.3 Phosphorus 20.3.1 Brief description 20.3.2 Occurrence and synthesis 20.3.3 Forms of elemental phosphorus 20.3.4 Chemical properties 20.3.5 Use and biological role 20.3.6 Chemical compounds 20.3.6.1 Hydrides 20.3.6.2 Phosphides 20.3.6.3 Halide 20.3.6.4 Oxides 20.3.6.5 Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts 20.4 Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth 20.4.1 Brief description 20.4.2 Occurrence and synthesis 20.4.3 Properties 20.4.4 Use and biological role 20.4.5 Chemical compounds 20.4.5.1 Hydrides 20.4.5.2 Arsenides, antimonides, and bismuthides 20.4.5.3 Halide 20.4.5.4 Sulfides 20.4.5.4.1 Oxides, hydroxides, and oxoacids Compounds in oxidation state +3 Compounds in oxidation state +5 21. Sixth main group of the periodic table 21.1 General characteristics of the elements of VIA group 21.2 Oxygen 21.2.1 Brief description 21.2.2 Occurrence and synthesis 21.2.3 Biological action of oxygen 21.3 Ozone 21.4 Chemical compounds of oxygen 21.4.1 Peroxides, superoxides, and ozonides 21.5 Sulfur 21.5.1 Brief description 21.5.2 Occurrence and synthesis 21.5.3 Chemical properties 21.5.4 Use and biological role 21.6 Chemical compounds of sulfur 21.6.1 Hydrides 21.6.2 Sulfides 21.6.3 Halogenides and oxyhalides 21.6.4 Sulfur compounds with nitrogen 21.6.5 Oxides 21.6.6 Oxoacids 21.6.7 Use and biological role of chemical compounds of sulfur 21.7 Selenium, tellurium, and polonium 21.7.1 Brief description 21.7.2 Occurrence, properties, and synthesis 21.7.3 Use and biological role 21.7.4 Chemical compounds 21.7.4.1 Hydrides 21.7.4.2 Halogenides and oxohalogenides 21.7.4.3 Selenides and tellurides 21.7.4.4 Oxygen-containing compounds 22. Seventh main group of the periodic table 22.1 General characteristics and properties of halogen elements 22.2 Fluorine 22.2.1 Brief description 22.2.2 Synthesis 22.2.3 Use and biological role 22.2.4 Chemical compounds of fluorine 22.2.4.1 Hydrogen fluoride 22.2.4.2 Fluorides 22.3 Chlorine, bromine, and iodine 22.3.1 Synthesis 22.3.2 Properties 22.3.3 Use and biological role 22.3.4 Chemical compounds 22.3.4.1 Hydrogen halides 22.3.4.2 Halides 22.3.4.3 Interhalogen compounds 22.3.4.4 Oxides, oxoacids, and oxysalts 23. Eighth main group of the periodic table 23.1 General characteristics of the elements of VIIIA group 23.2 Occurrence, properties, and application 23.3 Chemical compounds of xenon 23.3.1 Fluorides 23.3.2 Oxides Section B.II: Secondary groups of the periodic table 24. d-Elements 24.1 General characteristics of transition metals 24.2 Occurrence and synthesis 24.3 Biological role 25. First B group 25.1 General characteristics 25.2 Occurrence and synthesis 25.3 Properties, usage, and biological role 25.4 Chemical compounds of copper 25.4.1 Cu(II) compounds 25.4.2 Cu(I) compounds 25.5 Chemical compounds of silver 25.6 Chemical compounds of gold 26. Second B group 26.1 General characteristics 26.2 Occurrence and synthesis 26.3 Properties 26.3.1 Properties of zinc and cadmium 26.3.2 Properties of mercury 26.4 Use and biological role 26.5 Chemical compounds 26.5.1 Chemical compounds of zinc and cadmium 26.5.2 Chemical compounds of mercury 27. Third B group 27.1 General characteristics 27.2 Occurrence 27.3 Synthesis 27.4 Properties and compounds 27.5 Application 28. Fourth B group 28.1 General characteristics 28.2 Occurrence 28.3 Synthesis 28.4 Physical and chemical properties 28.5 Chemical compounds 28.6 Use and biological role 29. Fifth B group 29.1 General characteristics 29.2 Occurrence and synthesis 29.3 Properties 29.4 Chemical compounds 29.5 Use and biological role 30. Sixth B group 30.1 General characteristics 30.2 Occurrence and synthesis 30.3 Physical and chemical properties 30.4 Chemical compounds 30.5 Usage and biological role 31. Seventh B group 31.1 General characteristics 31.2 Occurrence and synthesis 31.3 Physical and chemical properties 31.4 Chemical compounds of manganese 31.5 Usage and biological role 32. Eighth B group 32.1 Iron subgroup 32.1.1 General characteristics 32.1.2 Occurrence and synthesis 32.1.3 Physical and chemical properties 32.1.4 Chemical compounds 32.1.5 Usage and biological role 32.2 Platinum metals 32.2.1 General characteristics 32.2.2 Occurrence and synthesis 32.2.3 Physical and chemical properties 32.2.4 Chemical compounds 32.2.4.1 Ruthenium and osmium 32.2.4.2 Rhodium and iridium 32.2.4.3 Palladium and platinum 32.2.5 Usage and biological role 33. Lanthanides and actinides 33.1 Lanthanides 33.1.1 General characteristics 33.1.2 Occurrence and synthesis 33.1.3 Properties and chemical compounds 33.1.4 Usage 33.1.5 Biological role 33.2 Actinides 33.2.1 General characteristics 33.2.2 Occurrence and synthesis 33.2.3 Properties and chemical compounds 33.2.4 Usage and biological role Index