Technology for Environmentally Friendly Livestock Production

Description

This volume compiles state-of-the-art scientific knowledge on the technologies that are used to quantify and reduce the environmental impact of livestock production in the cattle, pig and poultry industries. It makes a serious statement about how such technology can contribute to the sustainability of the livestock industry in the future. As the global livestock sector is growing, modern farm animal production is increasingly regarded as a source of solid, liquid, gaseous and dust emissions, which can be both nuisance and environmentally harmful. In light of hardening regulations and social pressure, there is increasing interest in scientific research on air pollution and emissions from livestock operations. The present chapters focus on methodology improvement, harmonization of measurements, and modeling aspects. Key aspects, such as renewable energy sources, nutritional approaches to reduce enteric methane emissions, technical options for manure management, and the use of sensors, are covered. By sharing good practices, this book is a valuable reference for a diverse readership. Experts across the veterinary and animal sciences, agricultural engineering, the food industry and sustainability research will benefit from the findings. Acknowledgment Contents 1: Technology for Environmentally Friendly Livestock Production 1.1 Rational of the Book References 2: A Simple Model as Design Tool for Low-Ammonia Emission Pig Housing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Description of the Ammonia Model 2.3 New Housing Designs with Low-Ammonia Emissions 2.4 Discussion References 3: Measuring Techniques for Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Naturally Ventilated Housings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the Measurement Approaches 3.2.1 Measurement of Surface Emissions with Chamber Techniques 3.2.2 Direct Measurements of the Velocity by Anemometers 3.2.3 Balancing Methods (Internal Tracer Methods) 3.2.4 External Tracer Ratio Methods 3.2.5 Tracer Gas Dispersion Method 3.2.6 Inverse Dispersion Method (IDM) 3.3 Adapting Measurement Methods and Approaches to the Measurement Purpose 3.4 Coupling Measurement and Modelling 3.5 Information Gaps to be Addressed by Different Modelling Approaches 3.5.1 Example Applications 3.5.1.1 CFD Modelling for Sample Point Selection 3.5.1.2 Regression to Fill Data Gaps 3.5.1.3 Data Requirements 3.6 Data Analysis and Reporting 3.6.1 Exploratory Analysis 3.6.2 Data Quality and Outlier Management 3.6.3 Statistical Analysis of Data 3.7 Reporting Data 3.8 Uncertainty Assessment 3.8.1 Concepts on Measurement Errors 3.8.2 Uncertainty of Emission Measurements 3.9 Future Challenges and Perspectives References 4: Nutritional Approaches to Reduce Enteric Methane Emission from Ruminants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Techniques for Direct Measurement of Methane Emissions 4.2.1 Respiration Chambers 4.2.2 Ventilated Hood Chambers or Head Boxes 4.2.3 Face Masks 4.2.4 SF6 Tracer Gas Technique 4.2.5 GreenFeed 4.2.6 Portable Accumulation Chambers (PAC) 4.2.7 Sniffer 4.3 Feeding Strategies to Reduce Methane Production 4.3.1 Improving Forage Quality 4.3.2 Inclusion of Concentrate 4.3.3 Grazing Management 4.4 Feed Additives and Rumen Manipulation 4.4.1 Micro- and Macroalgae 4.4.2 Dietary Lipids 4.4.3 Plant Bioactive and Secondary Compounds 4.4.3.1 Essential Oils 4.4.3.2 Tannins and Other Polyphenols 4.4.3.3 Saponins 4.4.4 Direct-Fed Microbials 4.4.5 Nitrogen Compounds 4.4.6 Other Inhibitors 4.4.6.1 Bromoform and Asparagopsis Taxiformis 4.4.6.2 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) 4.4.6.3 Biochar 4.5 Future Trends/Conclusions References 5: The Implications of Animal Manure Management on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Contribution of Animal Manure to NH3 and GHG Emissions from the Manure Management Chain 5.3 Best Available Techniques for Reduction of Gaseous Emissions from the Manure Management Chain 5.3.1 Reducing N Excretion Through Diet Modifications 5.3.2 Animal Housing 5.3.3 Air Scrubbers 5.3.4 Biofilters 5.3.5 Slurry Additives 5.3.6 Slurry Acidification 5.3.7 Manure Storage 5.3.8 Slurry Treatment 5.3.9 Separation Technologies 5.3.10 Manure Application 5.4 Case Studies 5.4.1 Management of Pig Slurry-Derived Digestate in the Danish Context 5.4.2 Storage Stage 5.4.3 Field Application 5.4.4 Laying Hen Manure Drying at Farm Scale in the Spanish Context 5.5 Summary and Conclusions References 6: Modelling Methane Emission from Manure 6.1 General Overview 6.2 Modelling Framework 6.3 Modelling the Excretion of Volatile Solids 6.4 Modelling the Potential Methane Production (B0) 6.5 Modelling the Methane Conversion Factor (MCF) 6.6 Critical Analysis, Future Work and Conclusions References 7: Available Technical Options for Manure Management in Environmentally Friendly and Circular Livestock Production 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Production and Circularity, Friends or Foes? 7.3 Identifying Challenges and Narrowing Gaps - Until What Scale Is It Possible to Produce Circularity? 7.4 Manure Treatment Technologies 7.4.1 Is the Use of Manure Compatible with Circularity? 7.4.2 Nutrients 7.4.3 Introducing the Impact of Manure in a Circular Nutrient Economy 7.4.4 Energy - Case Study 7.4.5 Soil Carbon Sequestration 7.5 Conclusions References 8: Legal Requirements on Ammonia Emissions from Animal Production Buildings in European Countries and in Countries at the East... 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Countries with Stricter Requirements than the Upper End of the BAT-AEL 8.3.1.1 Belgium (Flanders) 8.3.1.2 Denmark 8.3.1.3 Netherlands 8.3.1.4 Slovakia 8.3.1.5 Spain 8.3.2 Overview Over the Requirements in the Countries with Stricter Requirements than the Upper End of the BAT-AEL 8.3.3 Other EU Countries 8.3.3.1 Austria 8.3.3.2 Belgium (Wallonia) 8.3.3.3 Croatia 8.3.3.4 Czech Republic 8.3.3.5 Finland 8.3.3.6 France 8.3.3.7 Germany 8.3.3.8 Greece 8.3.3.9 Hungary 8.3.3.10 Ireland 8.3.3.11 Italy 8.3.3.12 Latvia 8.3.3.13 Lithuania 8.3.3.14 Malta 8.3.3.15 Poland 8.3.3.16 Portugal 8.3.3.17 Romania 8.3.3.18 Slovenia 8.3.3.19 Sweden 8.3.3.20 Overview Over the Requirements in EU Countries with Requirements at the Upper End of the BAT-AEL 8.3.4 Non-EU Countries with Legal Requirements 8.3.4.1 Israel 8.3.4.2 Norway 8.3.4.3 Republic of North Macedonia 8.3.4.4 Switzerland 8.3.4.5 United Kingdom 8.3.5 Non-EU Countries Without Legal Requirements 8.3.5.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.3.5.2 Turkey 8.4 Discussion 8.5 Conclusions References 9: The Use of Renewable Energy Sources as a Driver to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of the Livestock Sector 9.1 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Supply Chain 9.2 From Energy Consumption to GHG Emissions 9.2.1 Overview of the GHG Emission Factors 9.2.2 Emission Factors from Thermal Energy Sources 9.2.3 Emission Factors from Electrical Energy Generation 9.2.4 Example of Application 9.3 Energy Consumption of Animal Farms 9.4 RES in Animal Farms 9.4.1 RES Overview and Energy System Configurations 9.4.2 Solar Energy 9.4.2.1 Solar Thermal Systems 9.4.2.2 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 9.4.3 Geothermal, Aerothermal, and Hydrothermal Energy 9.4.3.1 Geothermal Energy for the Preheating/Cooling of Supply Air 9.4.3.2 Underground Thermal Energy Storage 9.4.3.3 Heat Pumps 9.4.4 Biomasses and Biogas 9.4.4.1 Biomasses 9.4.5 Biogas 9.5 Conclusions References 10: Sensors and Instrumentation in Management and Online Control 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methods 10.2.1 Principle of Sensors for Measuring Ammonia, Greenhouse Gases, and Odour 10.2.2 Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas 10.2.3 Odour 10.2.4 Studies on the Sensors for Measuring Environments of Livestock Houses 10.3 Results and Discussion 10.3.1 Development of Sensors for Livestock Houses 10.3.2 Enhancement of Durability 10.3.3 Control System 10.3.4 Optimal Sensor Placement 10.4 Summary References 11: Environmental Impact Assessment of Emission Reduction Technologies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Livestock Production Systems 11.2.1 Tools and Methodologies 11.2.2 Application of ELCA in Livestock Production Systems 11.2.3 Estimation of Farm-Level Emissions 11.2.4 Global GHG Emissions´ Estimates from Livestock Systems 11.3 Emission Reduction Approaches in Livestock Systems 11.3.1 Solutions for Reduced GHG and Other Nitrogen Emissions 11.3.2 Environmental Sustainability of Farm-Level Emission Reduction Technologies 11.3.3 Mitigation Potential of Farm-Level Emission Reduction Technologies 11.4 Conclusions References