The Study of Living Control Systems: A Guide to Doing Research on Purpose

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Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Half title Endorsements Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface 1. Living Control Systems 1.1 Purposeful Behavior 1.2 Control Theory 1.3 Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) 1.4 Perceptual versus Manual Control Theory 1.5 Controlled and Perceptual Variables 1.6 Confusions and Illusions 1.6.1 Confusions 1.6.2 Illusions 1.7 You Can’t Tell What an Organism Is Doing by Looking at What It’s Doing 1.8 Summary 2. Doing Research on Purpose 2.1 The Test for Controlled Variables 2.1.1 The Coin Game 2.1.2 Accurate Estimation of the Controlled Variable 2.2 The TCV as Mind Reading 2.2.1 Keeping Track of a Changing Mind 2.3 Doing the TCV 2.3.1 Eliminate Confounding Variables 2.3.2 The Organism Must Be in Control 2.3.3 Modeling the Mind 2.4 What Good Is It? 2.5 Summary 3. Getting Started 3.1 Looking for Controlled Variables 3.1.1 What’s in a Name? 3.1.2 Clues from Stimulus–Response Relationships 3.1.3 Doing What You’re Told 3.2 Refining Hypotheses about the Controlled Variable 3.3 Data Collection and Analysis 3.3.1 Assigning Participants to Conditions 3.3.2 Significance: Statistical and Scientific 3.4 Summary 4. Basic Research on Purpose 4.1 Relationships between Variables in a Control Loop 4.1.1 Failure of Cause–Effect Model of Control 4.2 Locus of Control 4.2.1 Deducing the True Value of a Reference Signal 4.3 Testing for Controlled Variables 4.3.1 Two-Dimensional Control 4.4 Beyond Compensatory Tracking 4.4.1 Operant Analog of Compensatory Tracking 4.4.2 Goodness of Fit r versus rms 4.5 To Study Control the Behaving System Must Be in Control 4.6 Getting Real 4.7 Summary 5. Exploring the Hierarchy 5.1 Hierarchical Control of Perception 5.2 Hierarchical Nesting of Control Systems 5.2.1 Portable Demonstrations of Hierarchical Control 5.2.2 Laboratory Tests of Hierarchical Control 5.3 Types of Variable Controlled at Each Level of the Hierarchy 5.3.1 The Hypothetical Levels of Perceptual Control 5.3.2 Perception and Cognition 5.3.3 Evidence for the Levels 5.3.4 Neurophysiological Evidence of Levels 5.3.5 Behavioral Evidence for Levels 5.3.6 Testing for Perceptual Types 5.4 Summary 6. Learning 6.1 Reorganization of Control Systems 6.2 Evidence of Reorganization 6.3 Evidence of Reorganization in Psychotherapy 6.4 An Ethological Approach to Studying Reorganization 6.5 Consciousness: The Control of Reorganization 6.6 Summary 7. Social Control 7.1 Cooperative Control 7.1.1 Modeling Two-Person Cooperation 7.1.2 Modeling Group Cooperation 7.1.3 Cooperation and Culture 7.1.4 Agreeing to Cooperate 7.1.5 The Social Contract 7.1.6 Conflictive Control 7.1.7 Conflict between Control Systems of Equal Strength 7.1.8 Conflict between Control Systems of Differing Strength 7.2 Manipulative Control (Control of Behavior) 7.2.1 Manipulating Behavior 7.2.2 Carrots and Sticks and Conflicts 7.2.3 It Takes a Controller 7.3 Summary 8. Back to the Future (of PCT Research) 8.1 A Control Theory Model for Psychological Research 8.1.1 Data Gathering 8.1.2 Data Classification 8.2 The Future of the Study of Living Control Systems 8.3 Summary Bibliography Index