Biomedical Photonic Technologies

Description

Biomedical Photonic Technologies A state-of-the-art examination of biomedical photonic research, technologies, and applications In Biomedical Photonic Technologies, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a methodical inquiry and evaluation of the latest developments in the field of biomedical photonics, with a focus on novel technologies, including optical microscopy, optical coherence tomography, fluorescence imaging-guided surgery, photodynamic therapy dosimetry, and optical theranostic technologies. Each discussion of individual technologies includes examples of their contemporary application in areas like cancer therapy and drug delivery. Readers will discover the major research advancements in biomedical photonics from the last 20 years, ascertaining the basic principles of formation, development, and derivation of biomedical photonics phenomena at a variety of scales. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to advanced wide-field fluorescent microscopy for biomedicine Comprehensive explorations of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and optical coherence tomography for structural and functional imaging Practical exploration of coherent Raman scattering microscopy and biomedical applications, as well as fluorescence image-guided surgery Complete analyses of enhanced photodynamic therapy, optogenetics, and optical theranostics employing gold nanoparticles Perfect for biophysicists and applied physicists, Biomedical Photonic Technologies will also benefit bioengineers and biotechnologists in academia and in industry. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1 Advanced Wide‐Field Fluorescent Microscopy for Biomedicine 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Optical Sectioning by Structured Illumination 1.2.1 Optical Section in Wide‐Field Microscopy 1.2.2 Principle of Optical Section with Structured Illumination 1.2.3 Methods for Generating Create Structured Illumination 1.2.4 Optical Section Algorithms with Structured Illumination 1.2.4.1 Simple Reconstruction Algorithm 1.2.4.2 HiLo Reconstruction Algorithm 1.2.4.3 Hilber–Huang Transform Reconstruction Algorithm 1.3 Super‐Resolution Imaging with Structured Illumination 1.3.1 Lateral Resolution in a Wide‐Field Microscope 1.3.2 Principle of Super‐Resolution SIM 1.3.3 SR‐SIM Setup Based Laser Interference 1.3.4 Super‐Resolution Reconstruction for SIM 1.3.5 Typical Artifacts and Removement Methods 1.4 3D imaging with Light Sheet Illumination 1.4.1 Principle and History 1.4.2 Light Sheet with Orthogonal Objectives 1.4.2.1 Light Sheet with Cylinder Lens 1.4.2.2 Scanning Light Sheet 1.4.2.3 Multidirection Illumination and Imaging 1.4.3 Single‐Lens Light‐Sheet Microscopy 1.5 Summary References Chapter 2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) 2.1 Fluorescence 2.1.1 Fluorescence Emission 2.1.2 Molar Extinction Coefficient 2.1.3 Quantum Yield 2.1.4 Absorption and Emission Spectra 2.2 Characteristics of Resonance Energy Transfer 2.3 Theory of Energy Transfer for a Donor–Acceptor Pair 2.4 Types of FRET Application 2.5 Common Fluorophores for FRET 2.5.1 Chemical Fluorescence Probes 2.5.2 Gene‐Encoded Fluorescent Proteins (FPs) 2.5.3 Quantum Dot (QD) 2.6 Effect of FRET on the Optical Properties of Donor and Acceptor 2.7 Qualitative FRET Analysis 2.8 Quantitative FRET Measurement 2.8.1 Issue of Quantitative FRET Measurement: Spectral Crosstalk 2.8.2 Lifetime Method 2.8.3 Complete Acceptor Photobleaching 2.8.4 Partial Acceptor Photobleaching (pbFRET) 2.8.5 B/C‐PbFRET Method 2.8.6 Binomial Distribution‐Based Quantitative FRET Measurement for Constructs with Multiple‐Acceptors by Partially Photobleaching Acceptor(Mb‐PbFRET) 2.8.7 3‐Cube‐Based E‐FRET 2.8.8 Quantitative FRET Measurement Based on Linear Spectral Unmixng of Emission Spectra (Em‐spFRET) 2.8.8.1 Lux‐FRET Method 2.8.8.2 SpRET Method 2.8.8.3 Iem‐spFRET Method 2.9 Conventional Instrument for FRET Measurement 2.9.1 Fluorescence Lifetime Detector 2.9.2 Widefield Microscope 2.9.3 Confocal Fluorescene Microscope 2.9.4 Fluorescence Spectrometer 2.10 Applications of FRET in Biomedicine 2.10.1 Protein–Protein Interactions 2.10.2 Activation and Degradation of Protein Kinases 2.10.3 Spatio‐Temporal Imaging of Intracellular Ion Concentration References Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography Structural and Functional Imaging 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Principles of OCT 3.3 Performances of OCT 3.3.1 Resolution 3.3.2 Imaging Speed 3.3.3 Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) 3.3.4 Imaging Range 3.3.5 Sensitivity Falloff Effects in FD‐OCT 3.4 Development of OCT Imaging 3.4.1 Large Imaging Range 3.4.2 High‐Imaging Speed 3.4.3 Functional OCT 3.5 OCT Angiography 3.5.1 OCTA Contrast Origins 3.5.2 SID‐OCTA Imaging Algorithm 3.6 OCTA Quantification 3.6.1 Morphological Quantification 3.6.2 Hemodynamic Quantification 3.7 Applications of OCT 3.7.1 Brain 3.7.2 Ocular 3.7.3 Skin 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy and Biomedical Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Spontaneous Raman Scattering 4.1.2 Coherent Raman Scattering 4.2 Coherent Anti‐stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy 4.2.1 Principles and Limitations 4.2.2 Endoscopic CARS 4.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy 4.3.1 Principles and Advantages 4.3.2 Hyperspectral SRS 4.3.3 High Speed SRS 4.4 Biomedical Applications of CRS Microscopy 4.4.1 Label‐Free Histology for Rapid Diagnosis 4.4.2 Raman Tagging and Imaging 4.5 Prospects and Challenges References Chapter 5 Fluorescence Imaging‐Guided Surgery 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basics of Fluorescence Image‐Guided Surgery 5.3 Fluorescence Probes for Imaging‐Guided Surgery 5.4 Typical Fluorescence Imaging‐Guided Surgeries 5.4.1 Brain Tumor Resection 5.4.2 Open Surgeries for Cancer Resection in Other Organs 5.4.3 Laparoscopic/Endoscopic Surgeries 5.4.3.1 Cholecystectomy 5.4.3.2 Gastrectomy 5.4.3.3 Pulmonary Ground‐Glass Opacity in Thoracoscopic Wedge Resection 5.4.3.4 Head and Neck 5.4.4 Organ Transplant Surgery 5.4.5 Plastic Surgery 5.4.6 Orthopedic Surgery 5.4.7 Parathyroid Gland Identification 5.5 Limitations, Challenges, and Possible Solutions References Chapter 6 Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Photosensitizers for Enhanced PDT 6.3 Light Sources for Enhanced PDT 6.3.1 Extended Penetration Depth 6.3.1.1 Lasers 6.3.1.2 Light‐Emitting Diodes 6.3.1.3 Self‐Excitation Light Sources 6.3.1.4 X‐Ray 6.3.1.5 Acoustic Waves 6.3.2 Optimized Scheme of Irradiation 6.4 Oxygen Supply for Enhanced PDT 6.4.1 Oxygen Replenishment 6.4.1.1 Oxygen Carriers 6.4.1.2 Oxygen Generators 6.4.2 Reduced Oxygen Consumption 6.4.2.1 Irradiation Scheme 6.4.2.2 Hypoxia‐Activated Approaches 6.4.2.3 Reduction of Oxygen Dependence 6.5 Synergistic Therapy for Enhanced PDT 6.5.1 Dual‐Modal Therapy 6.5.1.1 Surgery 6.5.1.2 Chemotherapy 6.5.1.3 Radiotherapy 6.5.1.4 Photothermal Therapy 6.5.1.5 Immunotherapy 6.5.1.6 Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy 6.5.1.7 Sonodynamic Therapy 6.5.2 Triple/Multiple‐Modal Therapy 6.6 PDT Dosimetry 6.6.1 Explicit Dosimetry 6.6.1.1 Irradiation Light 6.6.1.2 PS Concentration 6.6.1.3 Tissue Oxygen Partial Pressure 6.6.2 Implicit Dosimetry 6.6.3 Biological Response 6.6.4 Direct Dosimetry 6.7 Clinical Applications 6.7.1 Tumor‐Targeting PDT 6.7.2 Vascular‐Targeted PDT 6.7.3 Microbial‐Targeting PDT 6.8 Future Perspective Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Optogenetics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Introduction of Optogenetics 7.2.1 Find the Right Photosensitive Protein 7.2.2 The Opsin Gene Is Introduced into the Receptor Cell 7.2.3 Time and Space Control of Stimulation Light 7.2.4 Collect Output Signals and Read Results 7.3 The History and Development of Optogenetics 7.4 Photosensitive Protein 7.4.1 Introduction and Development of Photosensitive Protein 7.4.2 Types of Photosensitive Proteins 7.4.3 Improvement of Photosensitive Protein 7.4.3.1 Improvements to Excitatory Photosensitive Proteins 7.4.3.2 Improvements to Inhibitory Photosensitive Protein 7.4.4 Other Modifications of Photosensitive Proteins 7.4.5 Application of Photosensitive Protein 7.5 Precise Optogenetics 7.5.1 Single‐Photon Optogenetics 7.5.2 Multiphoton Optogenetics 7.5.2.1 Serial Scanning 7.5.2.2 Parallel Mode Lighting Method 7.6 Application and Development of Optogenetics 7.6.1 Application of Optogenetics in Gene Editing and Transcription 7.6.1.1 Genome Editing 7.6.1.2 Genome Transcription 7.6.2 Application of Optogenetics at the Cellular Level 7.6.2.1 Movement and Localization of Organelles 7.6.2.2 Regulating Cellular Pathways 7.6.3 The Application of Optogenetics in Animal Behavior Research 7.6.3.1 Animal Eating Behavior 7.6.4 Application of Optogenetics in Disease Treatment 7.6.4.1 Cardiac Electrophysiology 7.6.4.2 Epilepsy 7.6.4.3 Parkinson's Disease 7.7 Prospects and Prospects 7.7.1 Accurate Time Control 7.7.2 Precise Targeting 7.7.3 Precise Cell Subtype 7.7.4 Minimal Interference References Chapter 8 Optical Theranostics Based on Gold Nanoparticles 8.1 Thermoplasmonic Effects of AuNP 8.1.1 Overview of Thermoplasmonic Effects 8.1.2 Plasmonic Absorption of AuNP 8.1.3 Electron–Phonon Energy Transfer 8.1.4 Heat Diffusion and Interface Conductance 8.1.5 Bubble Formation Threshold 8.2 Gold Nanoparticles‐Mediated Optical Diagnosis 8.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles‐Mediated Diagnosis of Disease Markers 8.2.1.1 In Vitro Gold Nanoparticles‐Mediated Biomarker Diagnosis of Disease 8.2.1.2 In Vivo Gold Nanoparticles‐Mediated Diagnosis of Disease 8.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles‐Mediated Optical Bioimaging 8.2.2.1 Dark Field Imaging 8.2.2.2 Fluorescence and Luminescence Imaging 8.2.2.3 Photothermal and Photoacoustic Imaging 8.2.2.4 Surface‐Enhanced Raman (SERS) Imaging 8.2.2.5 Optical Coherent Tomography 8.2.2.6 Summarize 8.3 Gold Nanoparticle‐Based Anticancer Applications 8.3.1 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 8.3.1.1 Photothermal Conversion Efficiency 8.3.1.2 Targeting Strategy 8.3.2 Photothermal Therapy Combined with Other Treatments 8.4 Precise Manipulation of Molecules by Laser Gold Nanoparticles Heating 8.4.1 Precise Manipulation of Protein Activity 8.4.2 DNA Melting, Detecting, and Selectively Destruction 8.4.3 Gold Nanoparticle‐Based Photoporation 8.5 Gold Nanoparticles in Clinical Trials References Index EULA