Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Mechanical and Chemical Technologies and Principles

Description

Providing a detailed understanding of why heat and electricity energy storage technologies have developed so rapidly, Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Mechanical and Chemical Technologies and Principles presents the required fundamentals for techno-economic and environmental analysis of various grid-scale energy storage technologies. Through a consistent framework, each chapter outlines state-of-the-art advances, benefits and challenges, energy and exergy analyses models of these technologies, as well as an elaboration on their performance under dynamic and off-design operating conditions. Chapters include a case study analysis section, giving a detailed understanding of the systems’ thermodynamics and economic and environmental performance in real operational conditions, and wrap-up with a discussion of the future prospects of these technologies from commercial and research perspectives. This book is a highly beneficial reference for researchers and scientists dealing with grid-scale energy storage systems, as a single comprehensive book providing the information and fundamentals required to do modeling, analysis, and/or feasibility studies of such systems. 1680247085905.pdf (p.1) Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions-2023.pdf (p.2-676) Title-page_2022_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.1-2) Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions Copyright_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.3) Copyright Contents_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.4-11) Contents List-of-contributors_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.12-14) List of contributors Preface_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.15) Preface 1---Classification-of-energy-storage_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-S.pdf (p.16-45) 1 Classification of energy storage systems Chapter outline Opening Why energy storage? General classification An introduction to various energy storage technologies Electrochemical energy storage Lead–acid battery NaS battery Li-ion battery Redox-flow battery Zinc-hybrid battery Electrical energy storage Capacitors and supercapacitors Superconducting magnetics Thermal energy storage Sensible thermal energy storage Latent thermal energy storage Thermochemical energy storage Mechanical energy storage Pumped hydropower energy storage Compressed air energy storage Liquid air energy storage Flywheel energy storage Pumped thermal energy storage Gravity energy storage High-temperature heat and power storage Others Chemical energy storage References 2---Principles-for-technical--economic--and-envir_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Ene.pdf (p.46-78) 2 Principles for technical, economic, and environmental analyses of energy storage systems Chapter outline Opening Basic principles Definitions Thermodynamic laws First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Energy systems components Turbines/expanders Classification Thermodynamics Compressors and pumps Classification Thermodynamics Heat exchanger Classification Thermodynamics Off-design Economic analysis Environmental analysis and life cycle assessment References 3---Sensible-thermal-energy-stor_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solut.pdf (p.79-127) 3 Sensible thermal energy storage Chapter outline Opening Introduction Basics of STES STES approaches Water tanks Underground thermal energy storage Packed-bed thermal energy storage STES materials and their applications Liquid storage mediums Solid storage mediums State of the art Thermodynamic modeling Energy model Water storage tanks Packed-bed STES Models without thermal gradient in the solid particles Models considering thermal gradient of the solid particles Initial and boundary conditions Stratification analysis in a packed bed Concrete thermal energy storage model Exergy model Case study Challenges and prospects References 4---Latent-thermal-energy-stora_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Soluti.pdf (p.128-180) 4 Latent thermal energy storage Chapter outline Opening Introduction Basics of latent thermal energy storage Classification of phase change materials Latent thermal energy storage heat exchangers Performance enhancement methods for latent thermal energy storage systems Enhancing phase change material thermal conductivity Metal foams Nanoparticles Surface area expansion Finned tube Encapsulated phase change material Cascade phase change materials for enhanced process uniformity Applications of latent thermal energy storage systems Building applications Cold storage Solar applications Solar water/air heaters Photovoltaic thermal systems Thermal management of batteries and electronic devices State of the art Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials Metal foams Nanoparticles Phase change materials with extended heat transfer surfaces Finned tubes Encapsulated phase change material Heat transfer uniformity enhancement in phase change materials Hybrid heat transfer enhancement Mathematical modeling Energy model Exergy model Case study Challenges and prospects References 5---Thermochemical-thermal-energy-s_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-So.pdf (p.181-225) 5 Thermochemical thermal energy storage Chapter outline Opening Introduction Thermochemical reactions and systems Thermochemical energy storage systems Low-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems (%3c 200°C) Medium-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems (∼200°C–600°C) High-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems (%3e600°C) Implementation of thermochemical energy storage systems Modeling method and literature Governing equations Momentum conservation Species transport Energy conservation Case study Numerical model System-level technoeconomic analysis Future outlook References 6---Seasonal-thermal-energy-stor_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solut.pdf (p.226-278) 6 Seasonal thermal energy storage Chapter outline Opening Introduction Sensible STES Tank thermal energy storage Pit thermal energy storage Aquifer thermal energy storage Borehole thermal energy storage Latent TES Thermochemical TES Comparison Literature review State-of-practice State of the art Modeling Energy model Water storage Borehole storage Aquifer storage Latent storage Thermochemical storage Exergy model Case study Future perspective References 7---Compressed-air-energy-storage-s_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-So.pdf (p.279-318) 7 Compressed air energy storage system Chapter outline Opening General introduction Possible configurations Diabatic-CAES (D-CAES) Adiabatic-CAES and isothermal-CAES (A-CAES & I-CAES) Low-temperature-CAES (LT-CAES) Trigeneration-CAES and subcooled-CAES (T-CAES and S-CAES) State of the art and practice State of practice State of the art Thermodynamic models Energy model Exergy model Case study and parametric analyses Economic feasibility and off-design performance Perspective References 8---Tri-generating-compressed-air-ener_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage.pdf (p.319-353) 8 Tri-generating compressed air energy storage Chapter outline Opening General introduction Working principles Possible configurations Performance expectations The literature review Techno-economic model Energy model Exergy model Economic method Off-design operation considerations Case study analysis Case study description Case study results Perspective References 9---Liquid-air-energy-storage_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solution.pdf (p.354-417) 9 Liquid air energy storage Chapter outline Opening Fundamentals Liquid air energy storage history Liquid air energy storage processes Charging section Air purification Air liquefaction Recuperative cycles Storage section Hot thermal energy storage Cold thermal energy storage Discharging section Direct method Indirect method Combined method State of the art and practice State of the practice State of the art Stand-alone liquid air energy storage Hybrid liquid air energy storage External heat External cold Waste heat recovery Mathematical modeling Mass balance Energy balance Exergy analysis Performance criteria Economic assessment Case study analysis Case study description Case study results Energy results Exergy results Economic results Case study parametric study Future perspective References 10---Pumped-hydropower-energy-sto_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solu.pdf (p.418-442) 10 Pumped hydropower energy storage Chapter outline Opening Basic principles Main components Literature and applications Mathematical model Energy equations Pipelines Water storage Hydro turbine and pump Generator Exergy equations Pipelines Water reservoir Hydro turbine Case study Perspective References 11---Pumped-thermal-energy-stora_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solut.pdf (p.443-476) 11 Pumped thermal energy storage Chapter outline Opening General introduction History of technology Possible configurations Competitors of technology State of the art Thermodynamic models of pumped thermal energy storage Energy model Exergy model Case study analysis Future perspective References 12---High-temperature-heat-and-power_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-S.pdf (p.477-513) 12 High-temperature heat and power storage Chapter outline Opening General introduction History of technology Possible configurations Competitors of technology State of the art Thermodynamic models Energy model Exergy model Off-design operation considerations Case study analysis Case study description Economic method and figures Case study results Perspective References 13---Flywheel-energy-storage_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.514-548) 13 Flywheel energy storage Chapter outline Opening Flywheel components Applications Pros and cons State of the art Electronic devices Electric machine Flywheels and others Mathematical model Shape limitations Material limitations Case study and thermodynamic models Energy model Exergy model Specification of cases Conclusion and perspective References 14---Gravity-energy-storage_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.549-577) 14 Gravity energy storage Chapter outline General introduction Various configurations Wet gravitational energy storage Hydraulic gravitational energy storage Deep ocean gravitational energy storage Suspended weights ocean gravitational energy storage Dry gravitational energy storage Rail-based gravitational energy storage Energy vault tower Underground gravitational energy storage Mountain gravitational energy storage State of the art Mathematical model Energy model Underground gravitational energy storage Rail-based gravitational energy storage Energy vault tower Exergy model Economic model Case study and parametric investigations The case study Parametric analysis Future perspective References 15---Green-hydrogen_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.578-624) 15 Green hydrogen Chapter outline Opening Fundamentals Hydrogen history Hydrogen production and electrolysis methods Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen utilization State of the art and practice State of the practice State of the art Simulation and modeling of an electrolyzer Integrated PtH systems Mathematical model Modeling procedure Modeling of hydrogen production Fundamentals of water electrolysis Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer modeling Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) modeling Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) modeling Exergy analysis Models’ validation Economic analysis Case study analysis Case study description Case study results Parametric analysis Future perspective References 16---Power-to-X_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.625-650) 16 Power-to-X Chapter outline Opening Fundamentals An overview of PtX PtX products PtX applications State of the art and practice State of practice State of the art Power-to-methane Power-to-Fischer–Tropsch-based products Power-to-methanol Power-to-ammonia Mathematical model Basic thermodynamic principles in chemical reactions Energy balance for reacting systems Heat of reaction Gibbs energy of reaction Application of equilibrium criteria to chemical reactions Reaction equilibrium constraint Effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant Exergy of reaction Methanation Catalytic methanation Biological methanation Fischer–Tropsch synthesis Methanol synthesis Ammonia synthesis Future perspective References Index_2023_Future-Grid-Scale-Energy-Storage-Solutions.pdf (p.651-675) Index