Mine Waste Utilization

Description

This book is a comprehensive work on utilization of overburden waste, ash, tailings, and other processed waste produced by mining industry. It details various laboratory tests to identify the suitability of mine waste. It explains varied usage of different types of mine waste as in concrete pavements, bricks and to enhance fertile characteristics of waste lands. Various physico-mechanical properties of mine waste material and their optimum percentage for replacement with sand and coarse aggregate along with additives for optimum strength of concrete / bricks are discussed. Key features: Covers the technical approach in terms of testing and characterizing mine waste Focusses on effective use of mining waste to make sustainable and ecofriendly mining Presents analysis of physical properties of iron ore waste and their usage Describes testing methods for each type of mine waste and its physical property characterization for every application Includes detailed study to use iron ore waste and tailings in concrete pavements This book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in mining, geotechnical, and civil engineering. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Authors List of Abbreviations Mathematical Symbols Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Mine Waste 1.3 Problems with Mine Dumps 1.4 Uses of Mine Waste References Chapter 2: Utilization of Mine Waste 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Utilization of Coal Mine Overburden 2.3 Utilization of Fly Ash 2.4 Utilization of Iron Ore Waste and Tailings 2.4.1 Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings in Manufacturing of Bricks 2.5 Utilization of Iron Ore Waste and Tailings in Concrete 2.6 Utilization of Mine Waste as Backfill 2.7 Use of IOT in Cemented Paste Backfill 2.8 Use of IOT in Soil Stabilization 2.9 Use of Mine Waste for Other Applications 2.9.1 Thermal Insulation 2.9.2 Prevention of Leakage through Holes in Geomembranes 2.9.3 Water Balance Covers 2.9.4 Structural Fill 2.10 Some Suggestions for Effective Use of Mine Waste 2.11 Summary References IS Codes Bibliography Chapter 3: Utilization of Coal Mine Waste in Concrete 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Uses of Coal Mine Waste 3.2.1 Sandstone as Replacement for Fine Aggregate 3.2.2 Sandstone as Replacement for Coarse Aggregate 3.2.3 Fly Ash as a Replacement of Cement 3.3 Experimental Investigations 3.3.1 Sample Collection 3.3.2 Properties of Sandstone 3.3.2.1 Grain Size Distribution 3.3.2.2 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption 3.3.2.3 Moisture Content 3.3.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis 3.3.2.5 Workability of Fresh Concrete 3.3.3 Mechanical Properties 3.3.3.1 Compressive Strength 3.3.3.2 Split Tensile Strength 3.3.3.3 Flexural Strength 3.4 Summary References Chapter 4: Utilization of Laterite Waste in Concrete 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Compressive Strength 4.1.2 GGBS 4.1.3 Workability 4.1.4 Tensile and Flexural Strength 4.1.5 Physico-Chemical Properties 4.1.6 California Bearing Ratio Test 4.2 Experimental Investigations 4.2.1 Sample Collection 4.2.2 Materials Used 4.2.3 Mix Design 4.3 Properties of Laterite 4.3.1 Grain Size Distribution 4.3.2 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption 4.3.3 Atterberg Limits 4.3.4 Slake Durability Index 4.3.5 California Bearing Ratio Test 4.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Concrete 4.4.1 Workability 4.4.2 Compressive Strength 4.4.3 Flexural Strength 4.4.4 Split Tensile Strength 4.5 Summary References Bibliography Chapter 5: Utilization of Coal Mine Waste in Vegetation Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Vegetation on Mine Dumps 5.1.2 Mine Spoil Quality and Limiting Factors for Reclamation and Revegetation 5.2 Factors Influencing Soil Quality 5.2.1 Soil Texture 5.2.2 Bulk Density and Soil Compaction 5.2.3 Moisture Content and Water Holding Capacity 5.2.4 Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity 5.2.5 Trace Metals and Micronutrients Availability 5.2.6 Soil Organic Carbon and Nutrient Content (N, P and K) 5.2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) 5.2.8 Trace Metals and Micronutrients Availability 5.2.9 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy 5.3 Experimental Investigations 5.3.1 Collection of Samples 5.3.2 Texture Analysis 5.3.3 Sieve Analysis 5.3.4 Field Bulk Density and Moisture Content Analysis 5.3.5 Determination of Moisture Content Using Oven Drying Method 5.3.6 Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity 5.3.7 Water Holding Capacity 5.3.8 Soil Organic Carbon Using Modified Walkley-Black Method 5.3.9 Total Nitrogen Using Kejhdhal Method 5.3.10 Available Phosphorous 5.3.11 Cation Exchange Capacity 5.3.12 Exchangeable Sodium and Potassium 5.3.13 Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium 5.3.14 Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr and Cd) by DTPA Extraction Method 5.3.15 Elemental Analysis 5.4 Study of Growth of Plants 5.5 Summary References Chapter 6: Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings in Bricks 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Energy Consumption in Production of Bricks 6.1.2 Perlite as Density Controller 6.1.3 Use of Perlite in Bricks 6.1.4 Energy Savings in the Production of Bricks Using Perlite 6.2 Experimental Investigations 6.2.1 Collection of Samples 6.2.1.1 Iron Ore Tailings 6.2.1.2 Sand 6.2.1.3 Cement 6.2.1.4 Perlite 6.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Samples 6.2.2.1 Iron Ore Tailings 6.2.2.2 Sand 6.2.2.3 Cement 6.2.2.4 Perlite 6.2.3 Mix Proportion 6.2.4 Preparation of Bricks 6.3 Laboratory Investigations 6.3.1 Density 6.3.2 Water Absorption 6.3.3 Compressive Strength 6.3.4 Efflorescence 6.3.5 Thermal Conductivity 6.3.6 Summary of all Properties 6.4 Study of Efficiency of IOT–Perlite Bricks: A Pilot-Scale Study 6.4.1 Description of the Model Rooms 6.4.2 Experimental Procedure 6.4.3 Measurement of Temperature from 8 am to 10 am Before Plastering 6.4.4 Measurement of Temperature from 12 pm to 3 pm Before Plastering 6.4.5 Measurement of Temperature from 4 pm to 6 pm Before Plastering 6.4.6 Temperature Measurement of the Room at 5 Minutes Interval Before Plastering 6.4.7 Measurement of Temperature from 8 am to 10 am After Plastering 6.4.8 Measurement of Temperature from 12 pm to 3 pm After Plastering 6.4.9 Measurement of Temperature from 4 pm to 6 pm After Plastering 6.4.10 Temperature Measurement of the Room at 5 Minutes Interval After Plastering 6.4.11 Cost Saving in Terms of Energy Consumption 6.5 Economic Feasibility Study 6.6 Development of Regression Models 6.6.1 Prediction of Density 6.6.2 Prediction of Compressive Strength 6.6.3 Prediction of Thermal Conductivity 6.7 Summary References Websites Bibliography Chapter 7: Iron Ore Mine Waste and Tailings as Aggregates in Concrete 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Cement and Virgin Aggregates 7.2.2 Water and Superplasticizer 7.2.3 Iron Ore Waste Rock 7.2.4 Iron Ore Tailings 7.2.5 Chemical Composition of WR and IOT using X-Ray Florescence 7.2.6 Leaching 7.3 Mix Design 7.4 Experimental Investigations 7.4.1 Specimen Preparation and Curing Conditions 7.4.2 Workability of Concrete 7.4.2.1 Effect of WR on Workability of Concrete 7.4.2.2 Effect of IOT on Workability of Concrete 7.4.3 Compressive Strength 7.4.3.1 Effect of WR in Compressive Strength 7.4.3.2 Effect of IOT in Compressive Strength 7.4.4 Splitting Tensile Strength 7.4.4.1 Effect of WR in Splitting Tensile Strength 7.4.4.2 Effect of IOT in Splitting Tensile Strength 7.4.5 Flexural Strength 7.4.5.1 Effect of WR in Flexural Strength 7.4.5.2 Effect of IOT in Flexural Strength 7.5 Summary References Index