JPEG Series (River Publishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing)

Description

While the JPEG image standard was developed more than 25 years ago, it is still dominant in terms of image formation, manipulation and transmission over the internet and other media. As technology advances, new demands have arisen for the efficient transmission and storage of images causing other formats to emerge. Over the years, several extensions such as, JPEGLS, JPEG2K, JPEGXT, JPEGXR, JPEGXS and JPEG Pleno, have been added, constructing a series of standards for the compression and transmission of images. This book is the first to bring together most of the series of JPEG standards in a book.   This book covers the descriptions of the JPEG standards and gives the reader an overview of the latest advances in the standards of the Joint Photographic Experts Group. Topics discussed include:   • JEPG; • JPEG XR; • JPEG XT; • JPEG 2000; • JPEG XS; • JPEG Pleno; • JPEG AIC; • JPEG LS; • JPEG XL; • JPSearch; • JPEG Systems; • JBIG. Cover Title JPEG Series Copyrights Contents Preface Foreword Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 JPEG Series 2 Digital images 2.1 Introduction 2.2 One-Dimensional Sampling 2.3 Reconstruction 2.4 Sampling of Continuous-TimeTwo-Dimensional Functions 2.5 Image Reconstruction from Its Samples 2.6 Image Quantization 2.6.1 The uniform quantizer 2.6.2 Quantization error 2.6.3 The Optimal Quantizer (Lloyd−Max Quantizer) 2.6.4 The Mid-Tread Quantizer 2.7 The Human Visual System 2.7.1 HVS-Based Quantization 2.8 Color Space 2.8.1 YCbCr Formats 2.9 Chromaticity Diagram 3 The Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms 3.1 The DCT 3.2 The DST 3.3 The Fast DCT 3.4 Structures for Implementing the Fast 1-D DCT 3.5 2D DCT 3.6 Hierarchical Lapped Transform 3.7 Problems 4 Entropy Coding 4.1 Source Entropy 4.2 Run-Length Coder 4.3 Huffman Coder 4.4 Arithmetic Coder 4.4.1 Binary Arithmetic Coding (BAC) 4.5 Problems 5 JPEG 5.1 JPEG Parts 5.2 Image Pre-Processing 5.3 Encoder 5.4 Modes of Operation 5.5 Some Limitations of JPEG Encoder 5.6 Table of Metadata Structure 6 JPEG XR 6.1 JPEG XR Parts 6.2 Image Pre-Processing 6.2.1 Pre-Scaling 6.2.2 Color Conversion 6.3 Encoder 6.3.1 Transform 6.3.2 Steps of transformation 6.3.3 Quantization Quantization control on a spatial region basis Quantization control on a frequency band basis: Quantization control on a color plane component basis: Quantization control type combinations: 6.3.4 Prediction of Transform Coefficients andCoded Block Patterns 6.3.5 Adaptive Scanning Pattern 6.3.6 Adaptive Coefficient Normalization (Entropy Coding) 6.4 Codestream Structure 6.5 Profiles 6.6 Levels 6.7 Decoder 6.7.1 Parsing Process 6.7.2 Decoding Process Sample reconstruction: 6.8 Motion JPEG XR 6.8.1 Sample Entry and Sample Format 6.8.2 Syntax 6.8.3 Semantics 6.8.4 Profiles and Levels Advanced profile “mjxr”: Sub-Baseline profile ‘mjxs’ 6.9 Summary 7 JPEG XT 7.1 JPEG XT Parts 7.2 High Dynamic Range 7.3 Encoder 7.3.1 Profile A 7.3.2 Profile B 7.3.3 Profile C 7.3.4 Profile D 7.4 Lossless Coding and Lifting 7.5 Coding of Opacity Information 7.6 Privacy and Protection 7.7 Decoder 7.8 Summary 8 JPEG 2000 8.1 JPEG 2000 Parts 8.2 Architecture of JPEG-2000 8.3 Reference Grid 8.4 Tiling Grid and Tiles 8.5 Image Pre-Processing 8.6 Forward Intercomponent Transform 8.7 Forward Intracomponent Transform 8.7.1 The Continuous Wavelet Transform 8.7.2 Multiresolution Analysis 8.7.3 The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) 8.7.4 1D Filter Bank 8.7.5 2D Filter Bank 8.7.6 Two-Band Analysis and Synthesis Filter Bank z-transform of the analysis bank z-transform of the synthesis bank 8.7.7 Biorthogonality 8.7.8 Irreversible and Reversible Wavelet Filters 8.7.9 Convolution- and Lifting-Based Filters 8.8 Quantization 8.9 Partitioning of Subbands 8.10 Entropy Coding 8.11 Rate Control 8.12 Region of Interest (ROI) Coding 8.13 Error Resilience 8.14 JPEG 2000 Part 2 8.15 Motion JPEG 2000 8.16 Volumetric Data Encoding 8.17 Some Limitations of JPEG 2000 8.18 Summary 9 JPEG XS 9.1 JPEG XS Parts 9.2 Architecture of JPEG XS 9.3 Multi-Component Transform 9.4 Forward Transform 9.5 Pre-Quantization 9.6 Quantization 9.7 Rate Control 9.8 Entropy Coding 9.9 Subjective Evaluations and Setup 9.10 Test Material 9.10.1 VQEG Sequences S01, S02: 9.10.2 ARRI Sequences S03, S04: Sequences S05, S06: 9.10.3 Blender Sequences S07, S08 (Sintel): Sequence S09 (Tears of steel): 9.10.4 EBU Sequence S12 (PendulusWide) Sequence S13 (RainFruits) 9.10.5 Apple Sequence S14: 9.10.6 Huawei Sequence S15: 9.10.7 Richter Sequence S16 9.10.8 Copyright Condition Statements for Test Still Images Test Still Images Zoneplates images: HorseFly: 9.10.9 Tools Peacock: HintergrundMusik: LeavesIso200: 9.10.10 Acknowledgments 10 JPEG Pleno 10.1 Plenoptic Representation 10.2 JPEG Pleno Parts 10.3 Holographic Imaging 10.4 Point Cloud Imaging 10.5 Light-Field Imaging 10.6 JPEG Pleno Test Conditions 10.6.1 Holographic Data Holographic specific requirements: Bit rates and rate metrics Quality metrics: SNR and PSNR SSIM: Bjøntegaard metric VIFp: SNR of first-order wavefield RMSE of retrieved phase Hamming distance Color information metric Configuration quality metrics and anchor codecs 10.6.2 Point Cloud Test set material Subjective quality evaluation: Considerations for subjective evaluation Rate and rate-distortion evaluation Scalability Random access: Quality metrics: Point-to-geometry D1 metric Point-to-plane geometry D2 metric Point-to-plane angular similarity metric Point-to-point attribute measure Target bit rates Anchor generation Anchor codecs 10.6.3 Light Field Test set material Lenslet Lytro Illum Camera Fraunhofer High Density Camera Array (HDCA) Poznan HDCA: Stanford HDCA Synthetic HCI HDCA Quality metrics RGB to YCbCr conversion PSNR SSIM Bjøntegaard metric Rate metrics Random access metric HEVC anchor generation 11 JPEG AIC 11.1 Advanced Image Coding 11.2 AIC Characteristics 10.3 AIC Codec 12 JPEG LS 12.1 JPEG LS Parts 12.2 JPEG-LS Encoder Architecture 12.2.1 JPEG-LS Modeler Context: Predictor 12.2.2 JPEG-LS Coder Run mode Coding parameters Codec initialization Encoding procedure for single component 12.2.3 Encoding Procedure for Single Component 12.3 Marker Assignment 12.3.1 Decoding Procedure 13 JPEG XL 13.1 Scope 13.2 Use Cases 13.3 Requirements 13.4 Compressed Bit-Stream Requirements 13.5 Test Material 13.6 Anchors 13.7 Target Rates 13.8 Objective Quality Testing 13.9 Subjective Quality Testing 13.10 Evaluation Tools 14 JPSearch 14.1 JPSearch Parts 14.1.1 Part 1: Global Architecture 14.1.2 Part 2: Schema and Ontology 14.1.3 Part 3: Query Format 14.1.4 Part 4: File Format 14.1.5 Part 5: Data Interchange Format 14.1.6 Part 6: Reference Software 15 JPEG Systems 15.1 JPEG Systems Parts 16 JBIG 16.1 Subject Matter for JBIG Coding 16.2 Relationship Between Segments and Documents 16.3 JBIG2 Decoder 16.3.1 Decoding Procedure 16.4 Lossy Coding 16.4.1 Symbol Coding 16.4.2 Generic Coding 16.4.3 Halftone Coding 16.5 Summary ANNEX A. PROVISION PROVISION − PeRceptually Optimized VIdeo compresSION References Index About the Authors