Electronic communications : a systems approach

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 FUNDAMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS 1-1 Introduction Communication Systems and Modulation The Electromagnetic Spectrum Communications Systems 1-2 The Decibel in Communications Work Logarithms The Decibel as a Power Ratio The Decibel as a Voltage or Current Ratio Reference Levels Approximating with Decibels Stage Gains and Losses 1-3 Information and Bandwidth Understanding Frequency Spectra Time- and Frequency-Domain Representations The Fast Fourier Transform 1-4 Noise External Noise Internal Noise 1-5 Noise Designation and Calculation Signal-to-Noise Ratio Noise Figure Reactance Noise Effects Noise Created by Amplifiers in Cascade Equivalent Noise Temperature Equivalent Noise Resistance 1-6 Troubleshooting General Troubleshooting Techniques Reasons Electronic Circuits Fail Troubleshooting Plan 2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 2-1 Overview of Amplitude Modulation 2-2 Double-Sideband AM AM Waveforms Modulation Index Overmodulation Amplitude Modulation and Mixing in the Frequency Domain Amplitude Modulation in the Time Domain Phasor Representation of AM Power Distribution in Carrier and Sidebands Importance of High-Percentage Modulation Summary of Amplitude Modulation 2-3 Suppressed Carrier and Single-Sideband AM Power Measurement Advantages of SSB Types of Sideband Transmission 3 ANGLE MODULATION 3-1 Introduction to Angle Modulation 3-2 Frequency Modulation in the Time Domain A Simple FM Generator The Concept of Deviation Time-Domain Representation The Two Major Concepts 3-3 FM in the Frequency Domain Bandwidth Determination: Bessel Function Solutions FM Spectrum Analysis Power Distribution Carson’s Rule Approximation Zero-Carrier Amplitude Wideband and Narrowband FM Percentage of Modulation and Deviation Ratio 3-4 Phase Modulation 3-5 Noise Suppression FM Noise Analysis Capture Effect Preemphasis 4 COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITS 4-1 Amplifiers Classes of Amplification 4-2 Oscillators LC Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Clapp Oscillator Crystal Oscillator 4-3 Frequency-Selective Circuits Reactance Practical Inductors and Capacitors Resonance LC Bandpass Filter Parallel LC Circuits Types of LC Filters High-Frequency Effects Crystal Filters Ceramic Filters Mechanical Filters SAW Filters 4-4 Mixing and Multiplication Circuits Balanced Modulator LIC Balanced Modulator Product Detector 4-5 The Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synthesis Varactor Diodes PLL Capture and Lock Frequency Synthesis Programmable Division Two-Modulus Dividers Direct Digital Synthesis 5 TRANSMITTERS 5-1 AM Transmitter Systems Modulator Circuits Neutralization High- and Low-Level Modulation Transistor High-Level Modulator 5-2 AM Transmitter Measurements Trapezoid Patterns Meter Measurement Spectrum Analyzers Harmonic Distortion Measurements Special RF Signal Measurement Precautions Measuring Transmitter Output Power 5-3 SSB Transmitters Filter Method Phase Method 5-4 FM Transmitters Direct FM Generation Indirect FM Generation 5-5 Stereo FM Modulating Signal Frequency-Domain Representation 6 RECEIVERS 6-1 Receiver Characteristics: Sensitivity and Selectivity 6-2 The Tuned Radio-Frequency Receiver TRF Selectivity 6-3 Superheterodyne Receivers Frequency Conversion Tuned-Circuit Adjustment Image Frequency Double Conversion Up-Conversion A Complete AM Receiver SSB Receivers FM Receivers Discrete Component FM Receiver 6-4 Direct Conversion Receivers 6-5 Demodulation and Detectors AM Diode Detector Detection of Suppressed-Carrier Signals Demodulation of FM and PM 6-6 Stereo Demodulation SCA Decoder 6-7 Receiver Noise, Sensitivity, and Dynamic Range Relationships Noise and Receiver Sensitivity Dynamic Range Intermodulation Distortion Testing 6-8 Automatic Gain Control and Squelch Obtaining the AGC Level Controlling the Gain of a Transistor Delayed AGC Auxiliary AGC Variable Sensitivity Variable Selectivity Noise Limiter Metering Squelch 7 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES 7-1 Introduction to Digital Communications 7-2 Pulse Modulation and Multiplexing Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Pulse-Width Modulation Pulse-Position Modulation Demodulation 7-3 Sample Rate and Nyquist Frequency 7-4 Pulse-Code Modulation The Sample-and-Hold Circuit Natural and Flat-Top Sampling Quantization Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Calculations Companding Idle Channel Noise Amplitude Companding Coding and Analog-to-Digital Conversion Digital-to-Analog Converters 7-5 Coding Principles 7-6 Code Error Detection and Correction Parity Block Check Character Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC Code-Dividing Circuit Hamming Code Reed–Solomon Codes 7-7 Digital Signal Processing DSP Filtering 8 DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 8-1 Digital Modulation Techniques Amplitude-Shift Keying Frequency-Shift Keying Phase-Shift Keying Synchronization and Carrier Reinsertion Differential Phase-Shift Keying Minimum Shift Keying 8-2 Bandwidth Considerations of Modulated Signals 8-3 M-Ary Modulation Techniques M-Ary PSK Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Offset Modulation 8-4 Spectral Efficiency, Noise Performance, and Filtering Spectral Efficiency Noise Performance Filtering 8-5 The Complex Exponential and Analytic Signals Complex Numbers Analytic Frequency DSP Modulation and Demodulation 8-6 Wideband Modulation Spread-Spectrum Techniques Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 9 TELEPHONE NETWORKS 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Basic Telephone Operation Telephone Systems Line Quality Considerations Attenuation Distortion Delay Distortion Telephone Traffic The Unit of Traffic Congestion Traffic Observation and Measurement 9-3 Digital Wired Networks Communication Links and Protocols Line Codes 9-4 The T-Carrier System and Multiplexing Time-Division Multiplexing 9-5 Packet-Switched Networks Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode 9-6 Signaling System 7 Troubleshooting SS7 Networks 9-7 Troubleshooting The Digital Waveform Effects of Noise on the Pulse Effects of Impedance on the Pulse Effects of Frequency on the Pulse Eye Patterns 10 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 10-1 Wireless Computer Networks Wireless Local-Area Networks WiMAX Bluetooth ZigBee Radio-Frequency Identification 10-2 Cellular Phone Voice Systems The Cellular Concept Frequency Reuse Cell Splitting Rayleigh Fading Cellular Frequency Bands Global System for Mobile Communications Code-Division Multiple Access Troubleshooting and Interference Considerations 10-3 Mobile and Cellular Data Networks Third-Generation Systems Fourth-Generation Systems Wireless Application Protocol 10-4 Wireless Security 10-5 Two-Way and Trunked Radio Systems 10-6 Software-Defined Radio 11 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND THE INTERNET 11-1 Alphanumeric Codes The ASCII Code The EBCDIC Code The Baudot Code The Gray Code 11-2 Computer Communication Universal Serial Bus IEEE 1394 RS-232 Standard RS-232 Line Descriptions RS-422, RS-485 11-3 Local-Area Networks Ethernet LAN 11-4 Assembling a LAN The Office LAN Example Assembling a Building LAN 11-5 LAN Interconnection Interconnecting LANs 11-6 Internet Internet Protocol Addressing 11-7 IP Telephony 11-8 Interfacing the Networks Modem Technologies Cable Modems Integrated Services Digital Network xDSL Modems 11-9 Troubleshooting Troubleshooting a LAN 12 TRANSMISSION LINES 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Types of Transmission Lines Two-Wire Open Line Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Pair Coaxial Lines Balanced/Unbalanced Lines 12-3 Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Lines Two-Wire Transmission Line Characteristic Impedance Transmission Line Losses 12-4 Propagation of DC Voltage Down a Line Physical Explanation of Propagation Velocity of Propagation Delay Line Wavelength 12-5 Nonresonant Line Traveling DC Waves Traveling AC Waves 12-6 Resonant Transmission Line DC Applied to an Open-Circuited Line Incident and Reflected Waves DC Applied to a Short-Circuited Line Standing Waves: Open Line Standing Waves: Shorted Line Quarter-Wavelength Sections 12-7 Standing Wave Ratio Effect of Mismatch Quarter-Wavelength Transformer Electrical Length 12-8 The Smith Chart Transmission Line Impedance Smith Chart Introduction Using the Smith Chart Corrections for Transmission Loss Matching Using the Smith Chart Stub Tuners 12-9 Transmission Line Applications Discrete Circuit Simulation Baluns Transmission Lines as Filters Slotted Lines Time-Domain Reflectometry 12-10 Impedance Matching and Network Analysis Vector Network Analysis and S Parameters 13 WAVE PROPAGATION 13-1 Electrical to Electromagnetic Conversion 13-2 Electromagnetic Waves Wavefronts Characteristic Impedance of Free Space 13-3 Waves Not in Free Space Reflection Refraction Diffraction 13-4 Ground- and Space-Wave Propagation Ground-Wave Propagation Space-Wave Propagation 13-5 Sky-Wave Propagation Ionospheric Layers Effects of the Ionosphere on the Sky Wave Tropospheric Scatter 13-6 Satellite Communications Orbital Patterns Azimuth and Elevation Calculations Global Positioning System Multiplexing Techniques Earth Station Distance to and from the Satellites VSAT and MSAT Systems Satellite Radio 13-7 Figure of Merit and Satellite Link Budget Analysis Figure of Merit Satellite Link Budget Calculation 14 ANTENNAS 14-1 Basic Antenna Theory 14-2 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Development of the Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Impedance Radiation and Induction Field Resonance Radiation Patterns Antenna Gain Polar Plots 14-3 Radiation Resistance Effects of Antenna Length Ground Effects Electrical versus Physical Length Effects of Nonideal Length 14-4 Antenna Feed Lines Resonant Feed Line Nonresonant Feed Line Delta Match Quarter-Wave Matching 14-5 Monopole Antenna Effects of Ground Reflection The Counterpoise Radiation Pattern Loaded Antennas 14-6 Antenna Arrays Half-Wave Dipole Antenna with Parasitic Element Yagi–Uda Antenna Driven Collinear Array Broadside Array Vertical Array 14-7 Special-Purpose Antennas Log-Periodic Antenna Small-Loop Antenna Ferrite Loop Antenna Folded Dipole Antenna Slot Antenna 14-8 Microwave Antennas Horn Antenna The Parabolic Reflector Antenna Lens Antenna Patch Antenna 14-9 Microwave System Link Budget and Path-Loss Calculations 15 WAVEGUIDES AND RADAR 15-1 Comparison of Transmission Systems 15-2 Types of Waveguides Waveguide Operation Dominant Mode of Operation 15-3 Physical Picture of Waveguide Propagation 15-4 Other Types of Waveguides Circular Ridged Flexible 15-5 Other Waveguide Considerations Waveguide Attenuation Bends and Twists Tees Tuners 15-6 Termination and Attenuation Variable Attenuators 15-7 Directional Coupler 15-8 Coupling Waveguide Energy and Cavity Resonators Cavity Resonators Cavity Tuning 15-9 Radar Radar Waveform and Range Determination Radar System Parameters Basic Radar Block Diagram Doppler Effect 15-10 Microintegrated Circuit Waveguiding Microstrip Circuit Equivalents Dielectric Waveguide 15-11 Troubleshooting Some Common Problems Test Equipment 16 FIBER OPTICS 16-1 Introduction 16-2 The Nature of Light Construction of the Fiber Strand 16-3 Optical Fibers Multimode Step-Index Fiber Multimode Graded-Index Fiber Single-Mode Fibers Fiber Classification Plastic Optical Fiber 16-4 Fiber Attenuation and Dispersion Attenuation Dispersion Dispersion Compensation 16-5 Optical Components Modulating the Light Source Intermediate Components Detectors 16-6 Fiber Connections and Splices Fiber Connectorization 16-7 System Design and Operational Issues 16-8 Cabling and Construction Exterior (Outdoor) Installations Interior (Indoor) Installations Testing the Fiber Installation 16-9 Optical Networking Defining Optical Networking Air Fiber Fiber Distributed Data Interface 16-10 Safety 16-11 Troubleshooting System Testing General Guidelines Losses in an Optical-Fiber System Calculating Power Requirements Connector and Cable Problems Characteristics of Light-Emitting Diodes and Diode Lasers A Simple Test Tool APPENDIX A: FCC General Radiotelephone Operator License (GROL) Requirements ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z