Mutual Aid: a Factor of Evolution

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In this cornerstone of modern liberal social theory, Peter Kropotkin states that the most effective human and animal communities are essentially cooperative, rather than competitive. Kropotkin based this classic on his observations of natural phenomena and history, forming a work of stunning and well-reasoned scholarship. Essential to the understanding of human evolution as well as social organization, it offers a powerful counterpoint to the tenets of Social Darwinism. It also cites persuasive evidence of human nature's innate compatibility with anarchist society. "Kropotkin's basic argument is correct," noted evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould. "Struggle does occur in many modes, and some lead to cooperation among members of a species as the best pathway to advantage for individuals.  Read more... Abstract: In this cornerstone of modern liberal social theory, Peter Kropotkin states that the most effective human and animal communities are essentially cooperative, rather than competitive. Kropotkin based this classic on his observations of natural phenomena and history, forming a work of stunning and well-reasoned scholarship. Essential to the understanding of human evolution as well as social organization, it offers a powerful counterpoint to the tenets of Social Darwinism. It also cites persuasive evidence of human nature's innate compatibility with anarchist society. "Kropotkin's basic argument is correct," noted evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould. "Struggle does occur in many modes, and some lead to cooperation among members of a species as the best pathway to advantage for individuals Content: Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents PREFACE TO THE 1914 EDITION INTRODUCTION I. MUTUAL AID AMONG ANIMALS II. MUTUAL AID AMONG ANIMALS III. MUTUAL AID AMONG SAVAGES IV. MUTUAL AID AMONG THE BARBARIANS V. MUTUAL AID IN THE MEDIÆVAL CITY VI. MUTUAL AID IN THE MEDIÆVAL CITY VII. MUTUAL AID AMONGST OURSELVES VIII. MUTUAL AID AMONGST OURSELVES CONCLUSION APPENDIX A APPENDIX B -- THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE IN HUMAN SOCIETY INDEX.