Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention

Description

Wood Microbiology, Second Edition, presents the latest advances in wood decay and its prevention. Coverage includes classification of fungi and bacteria, factors affecting growth and survival, fungal metabolism, and wood chemistry. There are also chapters that focus on the anatomical aspects, chemical changes, and ultrastructural effects of wood decay. Additionally, this book discusses major issues associated with wood decay, detecting decay, and how to take protective action against it. This is a one-stop reference resource for wood scientists, wood processing and preserving professionals, foresters and forest pathologists, as well as students of forestry, and wood science and technology courses. It is authored by two leading experts with over 80 years of experience working with timber durability. Provides updated taxonomy and classification of decay groupsPresents detailed descriptions of anatomical, chemical, and ultrastructural aspects of wood decayIncludes discussions on major issues associated with decay, how to detect decay and preventative measures Cover Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention Copyright Dedication Contents Foreword_2020_Wood-Microbiology Foreword Preface One Introduction to wood microbiology Wood - a remarkable material Wood value and uses Potential uses of wood Wood disadvantages Decay losses and future wood needs Reducing decay losses Wood pathology vs wood microbiology Historical perspectives of wood pathology Concepts and terminology in wood microbiology Summary References Sources of historical information on early developments in forest pathology, wood pathology, and wood preservation Additional sources for mycological, Phytopathological, and forestry terminology and definitions Sources for additional information on wood uses and treatments Two Wood deterioration agents Abiotic damage Biotic damage Wood weathering Wood thermal decomposition Chemical decomposition of wood Mechanical wear Insect damage to wood Isoptera (termites) Coleoptera (beetles) Hymenoptera (bees and ants) Marine borer damage Wood decays and discolorations caused by fungi Summary References Further reading Three The characteristics and classification of fungi and bacteria Fungi in relation to other life forms Bacteria Fungi Macroscopic appearances of fungi Microscopic features of fungi Hyphal wall structure Fungal ultrastructure Specialized hyphae Cultural characteristics DNA sequencing methods Classic fungal identification by culturing Fungal reproduction Life cycles Reproductive capacity Fungal variability Growth requirements A classification of fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales Hymenochaetales Gloeophyllales Boletales Polyporales Russulales Cantharellales Deuteromycetes or fungi imperfectii A classification of bacteria Cytophagales Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods Gram-negative, aerobic rods, and cocci Endospore-forming rods and cocci Actinobacteria The roles of fungi and bacteria in ecosystems and human affairs Summary References Further reading Four Factors affecting the growth and survival of fungi in wood (fungal ecology) Major growth needs of wood-inhabiting fungi Water Oxygen Temperature Substrate (food sources) Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Chemical growth factors Vitamins and minor metals Light Miscellaneous factors Summary References Further reading Five Fungal metabolism in relation to wood decay Energy sources, transfer, and storage Enzymes Digestion and hydrolases Absorption of digestion products Aerobic respiration Fermentation Anaerobic respiration Enzyme inhibitors Nutrition in relation to fungal growth requisites and decay control Summary References Further reading Six The decay setting: Some structural, chemical, and moisture features of wood features of wood in relation to decay devel... Wood functions The structural features of wood growth patterns and microscopic features Cell wall pitting The major chemical constituents of wood Cellulose Hemicellulose and other carbohydrates Lignin Miscellaneous cell wall chemicals Distribution of the major chemicals in the wood cell wall Organizational levels in the cell wall Wood-water relationships Wood variability Summary References Further reading Seven General features, recognition, and anatomical aspects of wood decay The dual nature of decay General features of wood decay stages Recognition of decay (visual evidences) Macroscopic decay evidences Microscopic decay evidences Other decay detection procedures Types and classifications of wood decay Soft rots - a new decay type A classification of wood-modification by microorganisms wood decayers Non-decaying wood-inhabitors Other common wood decay groups Some anatomical features of wood decay An early history and major contributions to the anatomy of decay The principal anatomical features of decay Cell wall penetration Some research needs Summary References Further reading Eight Chemical changes in wood caused by decay fungi Changes in cell wall components by decay type The chemical mechanisms of wood decay Cellulose decomposition Initial concepts on cellulolytic enzymes Brown-rot fungi Soft-rot fungi Hemicelluloses decomposition Lignin decomposition Lignin determination Chemical modification in decayed lignin Lignin degrading enzymes from white-rot fungi Lignin degradation by non-white-rot fungi Bacterial roles in wood decomposition A decay model and related research needs Summary References Nine Ultrastructural features of wood decay Electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Some wood and fungal ultrastructural features Wood ultrastructural changes during decay White-rot fungi Brown rots Soft rot Bacterial erosion Microbial interactions in decay Detection and quantification of wood preservatives Summary References Further reading Ten Changes in the strength and physical properties of wood caused by decay fungi Wood weight loss (biomass loss) Density/specific gravity loss Strength (mechanical) properties Hygroscopicity Caloric value Permeability Electrical properties Acoustic properties Summary References Eleven Colonization and microbial interactions in wood decay Some ecological concepts and terminology Types of microbial interactions in wood Common wood inhabitants during decay Microecology of wood decay Colonization strategies Colonization patterns of wood by fungi Succession in wood decay Research needs on ecology of decay fungi Summary References Twelve Decays originating in the stems of living trees Historical highlights Stem decay types Stem decay origins Heart rots Sap rots Types of stem wounds Stem tissue reactions to wounding Compartmentalization and succession Rates of decay development Recognition of stem decays Some common stem decays Major heart rots Common sap rots Host specific stem decay fungi Some colonization strategies of stem decay fungi Summary References Further reading Thirteen Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control Types of storage loss General control practices Logs and bolts Poles and piling Railroad ties Pulpwood Pulpwood chips Summary References Further reading Fourteen Wood molds, stains and discolorations Historical Types of wood discoloration Enzymatic and chemical stains Color changes associated with incipient decay Fungal stains or molds Summary References Fifteen Decay problems associated with some major uses of wood products Decay hazard Types of wood products decay fungi Decay of wood products Wood buildings (homes) Moisture sources Utility poles Foundation or marine piling Railroad ties, mine timbers, and bridges Cooling towers Wooden boats Pallets and boxes Panel products A decay control principle Summary References Further reading Sixteen The detection of decay Location of decay Decay detection difficulties Basic sampling for decay An ideal decay detection device Physical decay detection Sounding Boring Visual examination of increment cores Mechanical decay detection Compression tests Penetration resistance Drilling torque release Pick or splinter test Extensiometer Vibration Full-Scale Testing Electrical decay detection Moisture meters Shigometer X-ray Tomography Acoustic decay detection Acoustic emissions Stress wave timers Wave form analysis Ground Penetrating Radar Spectroscopy tools Infrared spectroscopy Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) Laboratory decay detection Culturing Microscopy Chemical indicators Lectins Serological tests Analytical techniques Olefactory decay detection Summary References Further reading Seventeen Paint mildew and related degradative problems Types of paint biodeterioration Paint types and compositions Paint microflora The characteristics and growth features of A. pullulans Factors affecting mildew development Exterior coatings for horizontal surfaces General control practices Mildewcide evaluations Related degradative problems of microorganisms on surfaces Some research considerations Summary References Further reading Eighteen Natural decay resistance (wood durability) Variations in decay resistance Species variations Stem position variations Factors affecting durability Decay resistance and heartwood formation Evaluating natural durability Summary References Nineteen Chemical protection of wood (wood preservation) A brief early history Treatment choice and the biological hazard Short-term wood protection Long-term wood protection The major wood preservatives Organic (oil borne) preservatives Waterborne chemicals Non-biocidal treatments Bulking agents Chemical modification Natural biocides Supplemental preservative treatments Non-chemical methods for improving wood performance Environmental considerations Wood preservative development and testing Preservative resistance (tolerance) Summary References Further reading Twenty Some trends in wood microbiology research and a new emphasis (biotechnology) Changes in forests and wood supplies Fungal damage Wood as substrate for mushroom production Use of fungal mycelium to produce packaging Microbial generation of feedstocks Biological control of fungal stain and decay Technology in pulp and paper Biotechnology in chemical waste management Spalting of wood The future Summary References Author Index Subject Index Back Cover