Infectious Diseases: Smart Study Guide for Medical Students, Residents, and Clinical Providers (Developments in Microbiology)

Description

Infectious Diseases: Smart Study Guide for Medical Students, Residents, Physicians and Clinical Pharmacists attempts to consolidate knowledge and information into a step-by-step process that would be easy to understand, remember, and apply in a clinical setting. High-yield information presented in this book is necessary for medical students and residents. This book has provided information for all disciplines working in infectious diseases, whether students, residents, physicians, pharmacists, or nurses. The book is organized for quick and easy to retrieve information for all professionals. Front Cover Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases Copyright Contents Preface Common laboratories values 1 - Introduction of infectious diseases 1.1 Bacterial cell 1.2 Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 1.3 Classification 1.4 Gram staining 1.5 Bacterial pathogenicity 1.6 Normal flora 1.7 Manifestations of infection 1.7.1 Fever 1.7.2 Difference between fever and hyperthermia 1.7.3 NSAID as antipyretic agents 1.7.4 Other signs of infections 1.7.5 Hematological signs of infection 1.7.6 Biomarkers of infection 1.7.6.1 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 1.7.6.2 C-reactive proteins (CRP) 1.7.6.3 Procalcitonin 1.8 Basic immunology 1.8.1 Innate immunity 1.8.1.1 How phagocytic cells kill the invaders 1.8.2 Acquired immunity 1.8.3 Cells of immune system 1.8.3.1 Myeloid cells 1.8.3.2 Lymphoid cells 1.8.4 Cytokines 1.8.4.1 Interleukins 1.8.4.2 Tumor necrosis factors: alpha and beta 1.8.4.3 Interferons 1.8.4.4 Colony-stimulating factors 1.8.4.5 Transforming growth factors 1.8.4.6 Summary of cytokines 1.9 Major histocompatibility complex 1.10 Complement system 1.10.1 Classical pathway 1.10.2 Alternate pathway 1.10.3 Lectin pathway 1.11 Identification of microorganisms 1.11.1 Microscopic examination 1.11.2 Culture 1.11.2.1 Broth culture 1.11.2.2 Agar plates 1.11.3 Susceptibility test 1.11.4 Immunologic tests 1.11.5 Nucleic acid base identification 1.11.6 Nonnucleic acid base identification Further reading 2 - Gram-positive bacteria 2.0 General Description 2.1 Classification of Gram-positive bacteria 2.2 Gram-positive cocci 2.2.1 Staphylococcus 2.2.1.1 Staphylococcus aureus 2.2.1.2 Staphylococcus epidermidis 2.2.1.3 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 2.2.2 Streptococcus 2.2.2.1 Classification 2.2.2.2 Beta-hemolytic group 2.2.2.2.1 Group A → Streptococcus pyogenes (pus forming) Rheumatic fever (RF) 2.2.2.2.2 Group B → Streptococcus agalactiae 2.2.2.2.3 Group C, F, and G 2.2.2.3 Alpha hemolytic group 2.2.2.3.1 Viridans streptococcus group 2.2.2.3.2 Streptococcus pneumoniae 2.2.2.4 Gamma hemolytic group 2.2.2.4.1 Enterococcus 2.2.2.4.2 Nonenterococcus 2.3 Gram-positive bacilli 2.3.1 Classification 2.3.2 Spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli 2.3.2.1 Bacillus anthracis Anthrax 2.3.2.2 Bacillus cereus 2.3.3 Non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli 2.3.3.1 Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria 2.3.3.2 Corynebacterium urealyticum 2.3.3.3 Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) 2.3.3.4 Other Corynebacterium 2.3.3.5 Listeria monocytogenes 2.3.3.6 Nocardia 2.3.3.7 Anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli see Chapter 3, Section 3.3 2.4 Summary of gram positive bacteria Further reading 3 - Anaerobic bacteria 3.1 Classification 3.2 Gram-positive anaerobic cocci 3.3 Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli 3.3.1 Spore-forming gram-positive anaerobic bacilli 3.3.1.1 Clostridium botulinum 3.3.1.1.1 Botulism 3.3.1.2 Clostridium tetani 3.3.1.2.1 Tetanus 3.3.1.3 Clostridium perfringens 3.3.1.4 Clostridium difficile 3.3.2 Nonsporing gram-positive anaerobic bacilli 3.3.2.1 Actinomyces 3.3.2.1.1 Actinomycosis 3.3.2.2 Lactobacillus sp. 3.3.2.3 Propionibacterium 3.3.3 Gram-negative anaerobic cocci 3.3.3.1 Veillonella species 3.3.4 Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli 3.3.4.1 Bacteroides 3.3.4.2 Fusobacterium 3.3.4.3 Porphyromonas 3.3.4.4 Prevotella 3.3.4.4.1 Treatment 3.4 Summary of anaerobic bacteria and selection of antibiotics Further reading 4 - Gram-negative bacteria 4.1 Classification 4.2 Gram-negative cocci 4.2.1 Neisseria meningitidis 4.2.2 Neisseria gonorrhea Please also see Chapter 10 for more information 4.2.3 Moraxella catarrhalis 4.2.4 Kingella species 4.3 Gram-negative bacilli 4.3.1 Enterics 4.3.1.1 Enterobacteriaceae 4.3.1.1.1 Lactose fermenting 4.3.1.1.1.1 Escherichia coli 4.3.1.1.1.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, and Enterobacter 4.3.1.1.2 Nonlactose fermenting 4.3.1.1.2.1 Salmonella a) Salmonell typhi Typhoid fever b) Nontyphoid salmonella 4.3.1.1.2.2 Shigella 4.3.1.1.2.3 Yersinia enterocolitis 4.3.1.1.2.4 Proteus mirabilis 4.3.1.2 Vibrionaceae 4.3.1.2.1 Vibrio cholerae 4.3.1.2.2 Noncholera Vibrio infections 4.3.1.2.3 Campylobacter jejuni 4.3.1.2.4 Helicobacter pylori 4.3.2 Hospital or nursing home acquired 4.3.2.1 Pseudomonas 4.3.2.2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 4.3.2.3 Acinetobacter baumanni 4.3.3 Respiratory 4.3.3.1 Haemophilus influenzae 4.3.3.2 Legionella pneumophila 4.3.3.3 Bordetella pertussis Pertussis (whooping cough) () 4.3.4 Zoonotic 4.3.4.1 Yersinia pestis Plague (): 4.3.4.2 Francisella tularensis Tularemia 4.3.4.3 Pasteurella multocida 4.3.4.4 Bartonella species (): Cat scratch disease Bacillary angiomatosis Oroya fever 4.3.4.5 Brucella species Brucellosis 4.4 Obligate intracellular bacteria 4.4.1 Chlamydia 4.4.1.1 Chlamydia trachomatis 4.4.1.2 Chlamydia psittaci 4.4.1.3 Chlamydia pneumoniae serogroup TWAR Differentiation of neonatal conjunctivitis 4.4.2 Rickettsiae Rocky mountain spotted fever (): Epidemic typhus Endemic typhus 4.4.3 Coxiella burnettii Q-fever 4.5 Spirochetes 4.5.1 Treponema Syphilis (): Congenital syphilis Bejel, pinta, and yaws: 4.5.2 Borrelia species Lyme disease Relapsing fever Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 4.5.3 Leptospira species Leptospirosis Rat-bite fever 4.6 Acid-fast bacteria 4.6.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4.6.2 Mycobacterium avium 4.6.3 Mycobacterium leprae 4.7 Bacteria with no cell wall 4.7.1 - Mycoplasma pneumoniae 4.7.2 Mycoplasma genitalium 4.7.3 Ureaplasma urealyticum 4.8 Summary of gram-negative bacteria and choice of antibiotics Further reading 5 - Antibacterial drugs 5.1 Classification 5.2 Beta-lactam Key Features 5.2.1 Antipseudomonas beta-lactam 5.2.2 Common side effects of beta-lactam 5.2.3 Penicillin (PCN) 5.2.4 Aminopenicillins 5.2.5 Combination with beta-lactamase inhibitor 5.2.6 Beta-lactamase resistance penicillin 5.2.7 Antipseudomonas penicillin 5.2.8 Cephalosporin 5.2.8.1 First generation 5.2.8.2 Second generation 5.2.8.3 Third generation 5.2.8.4 Fourth generation 5.2.8.5 Fifth generation 5.2.8.6 Summary of cephalosporin () 5.3 Carbapenems 5.4 Monobactam 5.4.1 Aztreonam 5.5 Lipoglycopeptide 5.5.1 Vancomycin and dalbavancin 5.6 Linezolid 5.7 Daptomycin 5.8 Inhibitor of protein synthesis in bacterial cell 5.8.1 50s ribosomal subunit inhibitors 5.8.1.1 Macrolide 5.8.1.2 Clindamycin 5.8.1.3 Chloramphenicol 5.8.2 30s ribosomal subunit inhibitors 5.8.2.1 Tetracycline 5.8.2.2 Aminoglycosides 5.9 Metronidazole 5.10 DNA gyrase and topoisomerase inhibitors 5.10.1 Fluoroquinolones (FQ) 5.11 Folic acid inhibitors 5.11.1 Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (PO, IV) 5.12 Miscellaneous 5.12.1 Quinupristin/dalfopristin (IV) 5.12.2 Tigecycline (IV) 5.13 Antibiotics for high resistance bacteria 5.14 Antipseudomonal antibiotic 5.15 Antibiotics for anaerobic bacteria 5.16 Bacterial resistance 5.17 Resistance to beta-lactam 5.18 Antibacterial activity spectrum Further reading 6 - Viruses 6.1 Description 6.2 Classification 6.2.1 RNA viruses 6.2.2 DNA viruses 6.3 Respiratory viruses 6.3.1 Influenza virus 6.3.1.1 Influenza 6.3.1.1.1 Reye's syndrome 6.3.2 Parainfluenza virus 6.3.2.1 Croup 6.3.3 Adenovirus 6.3.4 Respiratory syncytial virus 6.3.5 Rhinovirus 6.3.6 Coronavirus 6.3.6.1 COVID-19 6.3.6.1.1 Management of nonhospitalized adults with COVID () 6.3.6.1.2 Management of inpatient adults with COVID () 6.3.6.2 Drugs table for COVID-19 () 6.3.6.3 Additional information about COVID-19 6.3.6.4 COVID-19 testing 6.3.6.5 Vaccine for COVID-19 6.3.6.6 Vaccine's summary () 6.3.7 Mumps virus 6.3.7.1 Mumps () 6.4 Viruses associated with gastroenteritis 6.4.1 Rotavirus 6.4.2 Norovirus 6.4.3 Adenovirus → usually infects infants. See 6.4.3.1 Astrovirus 6.5 Exanthematous viruses 6.5.1 Rubeola virus 6.5.1.1 Measles () 6.5.2 Rubella virus 6.5.2.1 German measles () 6.5.3 Human parvovirus B19 6.5.3.1 Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) () 6.5.4 Human herpes virus type 6 and 7 6.5.4.1 Roseola infantum 6.5.5 Smallpox virus 6.5.5.1 Smallpox () 6.5.6 Monkeypox Virus 6.5.6.1 Monkeypox () 6.6 Enterovirus 6.6.1 Poliovirus 6.6.1.1 Polio 6.6.2 Coxsackie virus 6.6.2.1 Herpangina 6.6.2.2 Hand-foot-mouth disease 6.6.3 Echovirus 6.7 Hepatitis 6.7.1 Classification 6.7.2 Acute hepatitis 6.7.3 Chronic hepatitis () 6.7.4 Fulminating hepatitis 6.7.5 Hepatitis A virus 6.7.6 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 6.7.7 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 6.7.8 Hepatitis D virus (HDV) 6.7.9 Hepatitis E virus 6.8 Viruses infect CNS 6.8.1 Rabies virus 6.8.2 John Cunningham Virus (JC virus) 6.9 Viruses causing meningitis/encephalitis 6.9.1 Enteroviruses 6.9.2 Herpes simplex virus 6.9.3 Varicella zoster virus 6.9.4 Arbovirus 6.9.5 Mosquito-borne 6.9.5.1 Togaviridae family 6.9.5.2 Bunyaviridae family 6.9.5.3 Flavivirus: both, mosquito born and tick born 6.9.6 Ticks born 6.9.6.1 Flavivirus 6.9.7 Chikungunya virus 6.10 Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever 6.10.1 Yellow fever virus 6.10.2 Dengue fever virus 6.10.3 Marburg and Ebola virus 6.10.4 Hantavirus 6.10.4.1 Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 6.10.4.2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 6.11 Viruses infecting skin or mucus membrane 6.11.1 Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 6.11.2 Varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus type 3) 6.11.2.1 Chickenpox () 6.11.2.2 Shingles 6.11.3 Human papilloma virus 6.12 Other herpes viruses 6.12.1 Epstein–Barr virus (HHV-4) 6.12.1.1 Mononucleosis 6.12.2 Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) 6.12.3 Human herpesvirus 8 6.12.3.1 Kaposi's sarcoma () 6.13 Acquired immune deficiency 6.14 HIV antiviral drugs 6.15 Non–HIV antiviral drugs 6.15.1 Antiherpes/CMV drugs 6.15.1.1 Acyclovir 6.15.1.2 Famciclovir/valacyclovir 6.15.1.3 Ganciclovir 6.15.1.4 Valganciclovir 6.15.1.5 Cidofovir 6.15.1.6 Foscarnet 6.15.1.7 Fomivirsen 6.15.2 Anti-hepatitis C virus drugs 6.15.2.1 Summary of hepatitis C drugs () 6.15.3 Antiinfluenza drugs 6.15.3.1 Amantadine/rimantadine 6.15.3.2 Oseltamivir/Zanamivir/Peramivir 6.15.4 Miscellaneous antiviral agents 6.15.4.1 Ribavirin 6.15.4.2 Interferon alpha-a2b 6.15.4.3 Trifluridine 6.16 Summary of viral infection Further reading 7 - Fungus 7.1 Fungal cell 7.2 Classification 7.3 Yeast 7.3.1 Candida 7.3.1.1 Noninvasive infections 7.3.1.2 Invasive candidiasis 7.3.2 Cryptococcus 7.3.2.1 Cryptococcal meningitis 7.3.2.2 Cryptococcal pneumonia 7.4 Molds 7.4.1 Aspergillus 7.4.1.1 Pulmonary aspergillosis 7.4.2 Mucormycetes 7.4.2.1 Mucormycosis 7.5 Dimorphic fungus 7.5.1 Histoplasma capsulatum 7.5.2 Blastomyces dermatitidis 7.5.3 Coccidioides immitis/posadasii 7.5.4 Sporothrix 7.5.4.1 Sporotrichosis () 7.6 Dermatophytes 7.7 Summary 7.8 Antifungal drugs 7.8.1 Polyenes 7.8.1.1 Amphotericin 7.8.2 Azoles 7.8.2.1 Fluconazole 7.8.2.2 Itraconazole 7.8.2.3 Voriconazole 7.8.3 Echinocandins 7.9 Quick reference of antifungal drugs Further reading 8 - Parasitic infections 8.1 Classification 8.2 Protozoa 8.2.1 Intestinal protozoa () 8.2.1.1 Intestinal protozoa () 8.2.2 Extraintestinal protozoa 8.2.2.1 Acanthamoeba and Balamuthis mandrillaris 8.2.2.1.1 Amebic keratitis (Also see ) 8.2.2.1.2 Chronic meningoencephalitis 8.2.2.2 Naegleria fowleri 8.2.2.3 Protozoa babesia 8.2.2.3.1 Babesiosis 8.2.2.4 Trypanosoma cruzi 8.2.2.4.1 Chagas disease 8.2.2.5 Trypanosoma brucei 8.2.2.5.1 African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 8.2.2.6 Leishmania sp. 8.2.2.6.1 Leishmaniasis 8.2.2.7 Plasmodium species 8.2.2.7.1 Life cycle () 8.2.2.7.2 Parasites infect blood 8.2.2.8 Trichomonas: also see 8.2.2.9 Toxoplasma gondii 8.2.2.9.1 Toxoplasmosis 8.3 Microsporidia 8.4 Helminths 8.4.1 Nematodes (roundworm) 8.4.1.1 Intestinal nematode 8.4.1.1.1 Ascaris lumbricoides () 8.4.1.1.2 Trichuris trichiuria () 8.4.1.1.3 Trichinella spiralis 8.4.1.1.4 Enterobius vermicularis 8.4.1.1.5 Necator americanus () 8.4.1.1.6 Strongyloides stercoralis 8.4.1.2 Nonintestinal nematode 8.4.1.2.1 Onchocerca volvulus () 8.4.1.2.2 Wuchereria bancrofti 8.4.1.2.3 Dracunculus medinensis 8.4.1.2.4 Loa loa 8.4.2 Platyhelminthes (flat worm) 8.4.2.1 Trematodes () 8.4.2.1.1 Schistosoma sp. 8.4.2.1.2 Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese fluke worm) 8.4.2.1.3 Paragonimus wetermani 8.4.2.2 Cestodes (tapeworm) (; ) 8.4.2.2.1 Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis 8.5 Antiparasitic drugs () Further reading 9 - Common infections caused by multiple microorganisms 9.1 Respiratory infection 9.1.1 Upper respiratory infection 9.1.1.1 Pharyngitis/tonsilitis (see ) 9.1.1.2 Peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess 9.1.1.3 Epiglottitis 9.1.1.4 Common cold 9.1.1.5 Influenza: also see the viral Section 6.3.1 9.1.1.6 Sinusitis 9.1.2 Lower respiratory tracks infection 9.1.2.1 Bronchitis: (acute) 9.1.2.2 Bronchiolitis 9.1.2.3 Pneumonia 9.2 Meningitis 9.2.1 Classification 9.2.2 Bacterial meningitis 9.2.3 Viral meningitis 9.2.4 Fungal meningitis 9.2.5 Tuberculosis meningitis: also see Section 4.6 9.2.6 Lyme disease meningitis: also see Section 4.5.2 9.2.7 Syphilis meningitis: also see Section 4.5.1 9.3 Encephalitis 9.4 Brain abscess 9.5 Bacteremia 9.6 Sepsis and septic shock 9.7 Cardiovascular infection 9.7.1 Endocarditis 9.7.2 Noninfective endocarditis (marantic endocarditis) 9.7.3 Myocarditis 9.7.4 Pericarditis 9.7.5 Mycotic aneurysm 9.8 Urinary tract infection 9.8.4 Catheter associated UTI 9.8.5 Chronic pyelonephritis 9.8.6 Fungal UTI 9.8.7 Prostatitis 9.9 Gastro-intestinal infection 9.9.1 Mouth infection 9.9.2 Gastroenteritis (infectious diarrhea) please also see Section 4.3 9.9.2.1 Viral diarrhea: also see Section 6.4 9.9.2.2 Bacterial diarrheal disease: also see Section 4.3.1 9.9.2.3 Diarrhea caused by exotoxins 9.9.2.4 Parasitic infectious diarrhea 9.9.3 Diverticulitis 9.9.4 Appendicitis 9.9.5 Peritonitis 9.10 Ear infection 9.10.1 Otitis media 9.10.2 Mastoiditis 9.10.3 Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) 9.11 Nasal infection 9.12 Eye infections 9.12.1 Conjunctivitis () 9.12.1.1 Viral conjunctivitis 9.12.1.2 Bacterial conjunctivitis 9.12.1.3 Allergic conjunctivitis 9.12.2 Stye (hordeolum) 9.12.3 Blepharitis () 9.12.4 Dacryocystitis () 9.12.5 Uveitis 9.12.6 Keratitis: → see in viral Section 6.11.1 9.12.7 Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) 9.12.8 Orbital cellulitis 9.12.9 Preseptal or periorbital cellulitis 9.13 Skin infection 9.13.1 Folliculitis, furuncle, and Carbuncle 9.13.2 Ecthyma and impetigo 9.13.3 Erythrasma 9.13.4 Cellulitis () 9.13.5 Erysipelas 9.13.6 Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) 9.13.7 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) 9.13.8 Necrotizing fasciitis 9.13.9 Parasitic skin infection 9.13.9.1 Scabies () 9.13.9.2 Lice ( and ) 9.13.9.3 Bedbugs 9.13.9.4 Cutaneous larva migrans () 9.13.9.5 Cutaneous myiasis ( and ) 9.14 Bone Infection 9.14.1 Osteomyelitis 9.14.2 Septic arthritis 9.14.3 Prosthetic joint infection 9.14.4 Diabetic foot infection 9.15 Fever of unknown origin (FUO) 9.16 Sexually transmitted diseases 9.16.1 Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases 9.16.1.1 Chancroid () 9.16.1.2 Gonorrhea 9.16.1.3 Chlamydial infections 9.16.1.4 Mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasmas species 9.16.1.5 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) () 9.16.1.6 Granuloma Inguinale () 9.16.1.7 Syphilis: see Section 4.5 9.16.2 Viral sexually transmitted infections 9.16.2.1 Anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata) () 9.16.2.2 Genital herpes () 9.16.2.3 Molluscum contagiosum () 9.16.2.4 HIV infection: see Section 6.13 9.16.3 Parasitic sexually transmitted infections 9.16.3.1 Trichomoniasis: also see Section 6.2.2.8 9.16.4 Vaginitis: clinical differences () 9.17 Prion 9.17.1 Type of prions disease 9.18 Quick reference of common infections, pathogens, and treatments Further reading 10 - Drugs, dosages, side effects, and pregnancy catagory Further reading Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover