Islamophobia and Radicalization: Breeding Intolerance and Violence

Description

While the themes of radicalization and Islamophobia have been broadly addressed by academia, to date there has been little investigation of the crosspollination between the two. Is Islamophobia a significant catalyst or influence on radicalization and recruitment? How do radicalization and Islamophobia interact, operate, feed one another, and ultimately pull societies toward polar extremes in domestic and foreign policy? The wide-ranging and global contributions collected here explore these questions through perspectives grounded in sociology, political theory, psychology, and religion. The volume provides an urgently needed and timely examination of the root causes of both radicalization and Islamophobia; the cultural construction and consumption of radical and Islamophobic discourses; the local and global contexts that fertilize these extreme stances; and, finally, the everyday Muslim in the shadow of these opposing but equally vociferous forces. Contents......Page 5 Notes on Contributors......Page 8 List of Figures......Page 13 List of Tables......Page 14 Chapter 1 Introduction: Relationships Between Islamophobia and Radicalization......Page 15 Part I Co-existence......Page 26 Iran’s Islamic Revolution: A Powerful LENS......Page 27 Terrorism and Popular Culture......Page 29 The Normalization of Islamophobia......Page 31 American and European Elections......Page 32 Media’s Powerful Role......Page 34 The Complex Sources of Radicalization......Page 35 Sources of Alienation and Radicalization......Page 36 Is Religion the Primary Catalyst for Radicalization, Political Violence and Terrorism?......Page 39 Conclusion......Page 41 Introduction......Page 46 Fear of Muslims: Two Cases of Extreme Reaction......Page 48 Tools for Analysis and Understanding......Page 49 The Swiss Ban......Page 55 The Norwegian Nightmare......Page 56 Reactive Co-Radicalization Elsewhere......Page 58 Fundamentalism and Extremism......Page 59 Conclusion......Page 60 Chapter 4 Marocanization of Dutch Islamophobia and Radicalization of Dutch Moroccans......Page 65 Theoretical Framework......Page 68 Can Islam Be Framed as Race?......Page 70 ISIS-Thugs......Page 71 Road to Salvation: Hope for the Muslims!......Page 72 Framing Fatigue: Boomerang of “Fewer Moroccans”......Page 75 Part II Crosspollination......Page 80 Background of the Anti-Halal Debates in Australia......Page 81 Political Discourse......Page 82 Academic Discourse......Page 84 Ordinary Muslims’ Connection to Terrorism in the Halal Debate......Page 86 Radicalism in Islamophobia: A Dismissed Radicalism......Page 88 Ideological vs. Mental Drives......Page 90 Organizational vs. Individual Crimes......Page 91 All Harmful vs. All Harmless......Page 93 Radicalism in Islamophobia and the Halal Case......Page 95 Conclusion and Implications......Page 96 Introduction......Page 104 Background......Page 107 The Australian and The Advertiser, 1 August 2014–31 January 2015......Page 109 Comparison Between the Two Newspapers......Page 110 Islam/Muslims Labelled......Page 113 Burka Controversy......Page 115 Christians’ Versus Muslims Dichotomy......Page 116 Positive/Rational Coverage......Page 117 Discussion......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 120 Chapter 7 Muslim Civil Society Under Attack: The European Foundation for Democracy’s Role in Defaming and Delegitimizing Muslim Civil Society......Page 124 Islamophobic Social Movements from Above......Page 125 A Transatlantic Network......Page 126 European Foundation for Democracy’s Islamophobes......Page 127 Defaming and Delegitimating Active Muslim Citizenship: The “Muslim Brotherhood”-Allegation......Page 129 Austria......Page 132 Sweden......Page 135 Conclusion......Page 137 Chapter 8 Islamophobia in Al-Qa’ida’s and IS’ English-Language Magazines......Page 145 Introduction......Page 146 Inspire and Dabiq......Page 148 Method and Foundational Research......Page 150 Differences and Similarities Between Inspire and Dabiq......Page 154 Themes Related to Islamophobia......Page 158 Do Al-Qaeda and IS Exploit Islamophobia for Propaganda Purposes?......Page 160 Part III Countering Terrorism & Islamophobia......Page 165 Introduction......Page 166 The Development of Britain’s Prevent Program......Page 167 British Multiculturalism, Policy Enactment and Prevent......Page 169 Prevent 1: Deepening Divides......Page 172 Prevent 2: Securitizing Divides......Page 175 Conclusion......Page 178 Chapter 10 How Counterterrorism Radicalizes: Exploring the Nexus Between Counterterrorism and Radicalization......Page 184 Introduction......Page 185 Iatrogenic Radicalization: A Conceptual Framework......Page 187 Iatrogenic Radicalization......Page 188 Myopic and Disproportionate: Catalysts of Crisis?......Page 190 Ideology-Centric “Soft” Counterterrorism Approaches: CVE Feeding the Fire?......Page 195 Strategic Communications Reinforce Rather Than Counter Militant Narratives: Confirming the Bias?......Page 198 Conclusion: Counterterrorism Implications......Page 201 Chapter 11 When the ‘Right Thing to Do’ Feels So Wrong: Australian Muslim Perspectives on ‘Intimates’ Reporting to Authorities About Violent Extremism......Page 208 Introduction......Page 209 The Reporting Context in Australia: Previous Community Information Campaigns......Page 213 Community Reporting Thresholds: Study Design......Page 215 Community Reporting Thresholds: Selected Key Findings from Community Participants......Page 218 Part IV Responses......Page 228 Chapter 12 Men on a Mission: Engaging with Islamophobia and Radicalization in Australia 1863–1957......Page 229 Introduction......Page 249 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework: Active Citizenship......Page 252 Effect of Islamophobia on Muslims’ Active Citizenship......Page 255 Performing Citizenship Aimed at Countering Negative Misconceptions of Muslims......Page 256 Active Citizenship Encouraged by Islamophobia?......Page 259 Concluding Discussion......Page 262 Introduction......Page 269 The Twin Threats of Islamophobia and Puritanical Islamist Extremism......Page 270 What Is the Hizmet Movement?......Page 272 Hizmet’s Direct Approach: Theological Refutation of Violent Extremism......Page 273 Hizmet’s Indirect Approach: Deradicalisation by Default......Page 275 General Characteristics of Hizmet’s Border Transgressor Practice......Page 276 Social Responsibility and Constructive Change......Page 277 Dialogue and Education......Page 278 Grass Roots Religious Activism......Page 279 Hizmet’s Limitations and Shortcomings......Page 280 Concluding Remarks......Page 282 Index......Page 288