Sustainable Practices in the Textile Industry

Description

The increasing environmental and health concerns owing to the use of large quantities of water and hazardous chemicals in conventional textile finishing processes has lead to the design and development of new dyeing strategies and technologies. Sustainable Practices in the Textile Industry comprises 13 chapters from various research areas dealing with the application of different sustainable technologies for enhancing the dyeing and comfort properties of textile materials with substantial reduction in wastewater problems. Chapters focus on the sophisticated methods for improving dye extraction and dyeing properties which will minimize the use of bioresource products. This book also brings out the innovative ways of wet chemical processing to alleviate the environmental impacts arising from this sector. This book also discusses innovations in eco-friendly methods for textile wet processes and applications of enzymes in textiles in addition to the advancements in the use of nanotechnology for wastewater remediation. Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Part 1: Sustainable Dye Extraction and Dyeing Techniques 1 Extraction and Application of Natural Dyes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What are Natural Dyes? 1.3 Why Natural Dyes? 1.4 What are Synthetic Dyes? 1.5 Sources of Natural Dyes 1.6 Types of Natural Dyes 1.6.1 Classification on the Basis of Their Chemical Constitution 1.6.2 Classification Based on Method of Application/ Preparation 1.7 Natural Dyes Need Fixing Agent (Mordants) for Bonding 1.7.1 Metallic Mordants 1.7.2 Tannins and Tannic Acid 1.7.3 Oil Mordants 1.7.4 Bio-Mordants 1.7.5 Method of Application 1.8 Fibers/Fabrics Used for Natural Dyeing 1.8.1 Cellulosic Fiber 1.8.2 Protein Fiber 1.8.3 Synthetic Fiber 1.9 Extraction of Natural Dyes 1.10 Dyeing Process 1.10.1 Preparation of Fabric Before Dyeing 1.10.2 Mechanism of Dyeing 1.10.3 Process of Dyeing 1.11 Evaluation of the Dyed Fabric 1.11.1 Color Strength or K/S Value 1.11.2 Color Fastness Properties 1.12 Some Special Characteristics of Naturally Dyed Fabric 1.12.1 Antimicrobial Properties 1.12.2 UV Protection 1.12.3 Deodorizing Finishing 1.12.4 Moth Resistant and Insect Repellent 1.13 Conclusion 1.13.1 Overview 1.13.2 Legislative Regulations for Synthetic Dyes 1.13.3 Sustainability Aspects of Natural Dyes 1.13.4 Practicality of Natural Dyes Acknowledgement References 2 Recent Advances in Non-Aqueous Dyeing Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supercritical Fluid Dyeing System 2.2.1 Application of Supercritical CO2 on Synthetic Fabric 2.2.2 Application of Supercritical CO2 on Natural Fabric 2.2.3 Dyes Solubility in Supercritical Fluids 2.3 Reverse Micelle Systems 2.3.1 Mechanism and Formation of Reverse Micelle 2.3.2 Application of Reverse Micelle Dyeing System 2.4 Solvent Dyeing 2.5 Silicone Non-Aqueous Dyeing 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Structural Coloration of Textile Materials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Thin-Film Interference 3.2.1 Principle of Thin-Film Interference 3.2.2 Multilayer Interference References 4 Enzymatic Wet Processing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Enzymes 4.3 Function of Enzymes 4.4 Classification of Enzymes 4.5 .n-Amylase Enzyme for Desizing 4.6 Pectinase Enzyme for Scouring 4.7 Protease Enzyme for Wool Anti-Felting 4.8 Cellulase Enzyme for Biopolishing and Biostoning 4.9 Hairiness Removal Mechanism 4.9.1 During Scouring and Bleaching in Alkaline Condition 4.9.2 Applying Before Dyeing in Acidic Condition 4.10 Enzyme Decolorization of Textile Effluent 4.11 Enzymes for Increasing Dyeability of Different Fibers 4.11.1 Application on Cotton 4.11.2 Application on Nylon 4.12 Conclusion References Part 2: Sustainable Functional Finishing of Various Textile Materials 5 Coating Textiles: Towards Sustainable Processes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Most Used Polymers for Coating Textiles 5.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 5.2.2 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) 5.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 5.2.4 Polyurethanes (PUs) 5.2.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) 5.2.6 Polysiloxanes 5.2.7 Acrylics 5.2.8 Phosphorous-Based Polymers 5.3 Traditional Coating Methods 5.4 Environmental Friendly Polymers 5.4.1 Cyclodextrins 5.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 5.4.3 Sodium Alginate 5.4.4 Polyethylene Glycols 5.4.5 Natural Rubber 5.4.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol 5.4.7 Dendrimers 5.4.8 Sericin 5.4.9 Polyphenols 5.5 Sustainable Coating Technologies 5.5.1 Powder Coating Technique 5.5.2 Sol–Gel Technology 5.5.3 Plasma Treatment 5.5.4 Electro-Fluidodynamic Technology 5.5.5 Supercritical Fluid Technology 5.5.6 Vapor Deposition Methods 5.6 Conclusion References 6 A Review on Hydrophobicity and Fabricating Hydrophobic Surfaces on the Textiles 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Self-Cleaning Surfaces 6.3 Applications of Hydrophobic Surfaces 6.4 Basic Theories: Modeling of Contact Angle 6.4.1 Young’s Model 6.4.2 Wenzel Model (Homogeneous Interface) 6.4.3 Cassie–Baxter Model (Composite Interface) 6.5 Techniques to Make Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces 6.6 Methods of Applying Hydrophobic Coating on Textiles 6.6.1 Dip-Coating 6.6.2 Spray Coating 6.7 Contact Angles (CA) Measurement 6.8 Research Records on Hydrophobic Surface Production 6.9 Conclusion References 7 UV Protection: Historical Perspectives and State-of-the-Art Achievements 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamentals Regarding UV Protection of Textile Fabrics 7.2.1 The Design of the Woven Support Represents a Relevant Factor That Directly Affect UPF 7.2.2 The Synergism Between Structural Parameters and UV Protection of Textile Supports 7.2.3 Yarn Curve End up Being the Significant Determinant of the UV Security Attributes of Textile Supports 7.2.4 The Correlation Between Fabric Porosity and Cover Factor and UV Protection 7.2.5 Concepts of Ultraviolet Protection Factor and Sun Protection Factor 7.3 UV Stabilizers Beginnings and Initial Development 7.3.1 UV Protection Finishing of Fabrics Using Nanoparticles 7.3.2 UV Protection of Fabrics by Dyeing of Textile Supports 7.3.3 Other Kind of Finishes 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Synthetic and Natural UV Protective Agents for Textile Finishing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) 8.3 Importance of Ultraviolet Protective Finish 8.3.1 Ultraviolet Protection With Textiles 8.4 Methods of Blocking Ultraviolet Rays 8.5 Ultraviolet Protection Factor Measurement System 8.5.1 In Vitro 8.5.2 In Vivo 8.6 Clothing Factors Affecting Ultraviolet Protection Factor 8.6.1 Fabric Structure 8.6.2 Fiber Physio-Chemical Nature 8.6.3 Dyeing 8.7 Mechanisms of UV Protection 8.8 Types of Ultraviolet Absorbers 8.8.1 Organic 8.8.2 Inorganic 8.9 Commercial Ultraviolet Protective Clothing 8.10 Nanoparticle Coatings for Ultraviolet Protective Textiles 8.11 Durability of Ultraviolet Protective Finish 8.12 Conclusion References 9 Sustainable Orientation of Textile Companies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Textile Industry—Environmental, Social and Economic Issues 9.3 Circular Economy 9.4 Sustainability Circles 9.5 Circularity in the Supply Chain 9.6 Consumer Behavior of Sustainable Textile Products 9.7 Decision to Purchase Sustainable Textile Products 9.8 Policies and Strategies Used in the Sustainable Textile Induxtry 9.9 Conclusions References Part 3: Sustainable Wastewater Remediation 10 Sustainable Application of Ionic Flocculation Method for Textile Effluent Treatment 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conventional Methods for Degradation of Textile Effluents 10.2.1 Biological Methods 10.2.2 Chemical Methods 10.2.3 Physical Methods 10.3 Surfactants 10.4 Adsorptive Micellar Flocculation (AMF) 10.5 Mechanism 10.6 Choice of Flocculant 10.7 Analysis and Calculations 10.7.1 Analysis of Reagents 10.7.2 Calculated Parameters 10.8 Optimization of Conditions for Better Removal of Dye Using AMF 10.8.1 Effect of Temperature 10.8.2 Effect of pH 10.8.3 Surfactant Dosage 10.8.4 Flocculant/Surfactant Ratio 10.8.5 Addition of Electrolyte 10.8.6 Contact Time and Stirring Speed 10.9 Potential Advantages of AMF 10.10 Application to Wastewaters 10.11 Conclusion 10.12 Future Prospective References 11 Remediation of Textile Wastewater by Ozonation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources of Wastewater 11.3 Ozonation Remediation for Textile Water 11.3.1 Impact of pH on Uptake of Organic Pollutants 11.3.2 Impact of Initial Dye Concentration 11.3.3 Impact of Inlet Ozone Concentration 11.3.4 Impact of Ozonation Time 11.4 Impact of Various Techniques in Combination Ozonation Process for Treatment of Textile Wastewater 11.5 Degradation of Dyes via Ozonation 11.6 Conclusion References 12 Design of a New Cold Atmospheric Plasma Reactor Based on Dielelectric Barrier Discharge for the Treatment and Recovery of Textile Dyeing Wastewater: Profoks/CAP Reactor 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) in Wastewater Treatment 12.2.1 Cold Atmospheric Plasma Technology (CAP) 12.2.2 Formation and Chemical Reactivity of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 12.2.3 CAP/AOP Application in Textile Wastewater Treatment 12.3 Profoks/CAP Wastewater Treatment and Water Recovery System 12.3.1 Profoks/CAP Wastewater Treatment and Water Recovery System and Textile Wastewater Recovery Studies 12.3.2 Profoks/CAP Wastewater Treatment and Water Recovery System and the Results of Treatability of Textile Wastewater and the Study of Water Recovery 12.3.3 Profoks/CAP Wastewater Treatment and Water Recovery System Investment and Operating Costs 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Nanotechnology and its Application in Wastewater Treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanotechnology 13.2.1 Adsorption 13.2.2 Membrane-Based Techniques 13.2.3 Metal Nanoparticles 13.3 Conclusion References Index Also of Interest Check out these published and forthcoming related titles from Scrivener Publishing