Contemporary Peacemaking: Peace Processes, Peacebuilding and Conflict

Description

This fully updated third-edition of Contemporary Peacemaking is a state of the art overview of peacemaking in relation to contemporary civil wars. It examines best (and worst) practice in relation to peace processes and peace accords. The contributing authors are a mix of leading academics and practitioners with expert knowledge of a wide arrays of cases and techniques. The book provides a mix of theory and concept-building along with insights into ongoing cases of peace processes and post-accord peacebuilding. The chapters make clear that peacemaking is a dynamic field, with new practices in peacemaking techniques, changes to the international peace support architecture, and greater awareness of key issues such as gender and development after peace accords. The book is mindful of the intersection between top-down and bottom-up approaches to peace and how formal and institutionalized peace accords need to be lived and enacted by communities on the ground. Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction What Are Peace Processes and Peace Accords? The Peacemaking Landscape Level of Analysis Structure of the Book Part I Preparing for Peace 2 Understanding Ripeness: Making and Using Hurting Stalemates Resistant Reactions Implications 3 Cultivating Peace: A Practitioner’s View of Deadly Conflict and Negotiation Introduction A Critique of Ripeness Ripeness Is a Rear-View Mirror Ripeness Is in the Eye of the Beholder Ripeness Sees Mediator Action as Cherry-Picking Alternative Metaphors to Ripeness Cultivation: The Building of Long-Term Authentic Relationships Accompaniment: The Pace of Presence Naïveté: The Art of the Possible Epilogue 4 Conflict Analysis: A System’s Approach History of Conflict Analysis A System’s Approach to Conflict Analysis Psychological Challenges to Conflict Analysis Functions of Conflict Analysis Conflict Analysis Tools and Framework From Conflict Analysis to Peacebuilding Planning Self-Assessment Theories of Change Robust Conflict-Sensitive Research Insider–Outsider Conflict Analysis Teams Current Problems in Conflict Analysis Research Summary and Conclusion Part II Cross Cutting Issues 5 The United Nations and Peacemaking Introduction The Evolution of UN Peacemaking UN Peacemaking Today Peace Operations Political Missions Evaluation Conclusion 6 Women’s Participation in Peace Processes Introduction Stages of a Peace Process Women’s Agency—Who Do ‘Women’ Represent? How Can women’s Participation Be Strengthened? Peace Agreement Bargaining and Women’s Inclusion Women in Implementation and Peacebuilding Conclusions and Future Research 7 Indigenous Approaches to Peacemaking Indigenous Peacemaking and the Search for Overarching Principles Expanding the Options Returning to What Works: Rejuvenation of Local Peacemaking The Human Potential for Peacemaking Walking the Talk: Promoting Respect, Equality, and Partnership Among Planetary Citizens 8 Peacemaking Referendums: Advantages and Challenges for Peace Processes Introduction Peacemaking Referendums: Definition and Characterization Advantages and Challenges for Peacemaking Conclusion Bibliography 9 Refugees, Peacemaking, and Durable Solutions to Displacement Introduction Asylum—Peaceful and Humanitarian Durable Solutions and Peace Peace Negotiations and Agreements Peacebuilding Elections and Referenda Observance of Refugee Rights Skills Training and Education Conclusions 10 Time, Sequencing and Peace Processes Introduction The Concept of Time Sequencing Deadlines Exit Strategies Concluding Discussion Part III Negotiation and Mediation 11 Mediation and the Ending of Conflicts Mediation: The Dominant Model When Can Mediation Help? Appropriate Mediators Mediator Roles and Functions Core Mediator Tasks in Conflict Resolution24 Pre-Negotiation During Talks or Negotiations Post-Agreement Conclusion 12 Diffusion vs. Coherence: The Competitive Environment of Multiparty Mediation Introduction Multiparty Mediation: Varieties and Impact Fragmented Parties and Shifting Coalitions Impact of Conflict Party Fragmentation Multiparty Mediators, Fragmented Conflict Parties, and the Mediation Process Improving Conflict Party Coherence Building Up Leadership Managing Risk Conclusion 13 Inclusivity in Peace Processes: Civil Society and Armed Groups What Is ‘Inclusion’? Civil Society Liberia’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 2003 Comparison with Other Cases Discussion and Caveats Armed Groups The Philippines, MNLF and MILF Other Cases Extremists Practical Issues Conclusion Bibliography 14 Negotiating Peace in the Shadows Discretion and Deceit Back Channels to Peace Why Secrecy? Controlling Communication Legitimacy and Intermediaries Conclusion: Peace and Secrecy Bibliography Part IV Violence and Peace Processes 15 Violence and Peace Processes Introduction Forms of Violence: Actors, Targets and Motives Managing Violence The Conflict Resolution Approach The Security Approach The Rights-Based Approach The Three Approaches Combined Ways Forward 16 Peacemaking and Election Violence Introduction Election Violence Background Elections, Violence, and Post-Conflict Challenges Peacemaking and Election Violence Mitigation Conclusion References 17 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants Introduction Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Disarmament Inducements Demobilisation with Cantonment Reinsertion Assistance Community-Based Reintegration Key Considerations in DDR Implementation Heterogeneity of Ex-Combatant Caseloads Preferential Treatment of Ex-Combatants Role of Local Actors Conclusion 18 Security Sector Reform Introduction Outlining the Concept of SSR Challenges of Implementation Criticism of Existing SSR Theory and Practice Incompatibility with the Local Context Inappropriate Methods and Timing Rhetorical Implementation Hybrid SSR Conclusion References Part V Peace Accords 19 Peace Processes and Their Agreements Introduction Defining Peace Agreements: Beyond ‘Handshake Moments’ Pre-Negotiation Agreements Ceasefires Framework/Substantive Agreements Implementation/Renegotiation Agreements Renewal Agreements Peace Agreements and Complex Conflict Systems: Processes ‘Above’ and ‘Below’ the State Above: Interstate Agreements for Intrastate Conflict ‘Below’: Local Peace Processes Conclusion: Current Challenges 20 Power Sharing After Civil Wars: Matching Problems to Solutions Old Debates: Models of Democracy in Deeply Divided Societies The Dangers of Majoritarianism The Consociation Formula The Centripetalist Alternative New Debates: Proliferating Points of Inclusion Upstream Inclusivity in Peace Processes Rethinking Presidentialism Inclusivity and Electoral System Choice Revisiting Ethnic Federalism Strengthening Social Cohesion Conclusion 21 Peace Accords and Human Rights Introduction No Justice, No Peace—Revisited Human Rights Provisions in Peace Agreements Issues and Institutions Tensions Between Peace Agreements and Human Rights Conclusion Database Funding Acknowledgement 22 The Post-conflict Constitution as a Peace Agreement The Perspective of the Conflict Parties Credible Commitment and Peace Durability The Peace Maintenance Function of a Constitution Definition and Temporal Spectrum of Peace Agreements Conclusion Appendix 1 Relationship Between CPAs in the Peace Accords Matrix and Post-conflict Constitutions CPAs Associated with PCCs (79.4% of 34 CPAs) CPAs Not Associated with PCCs (20.6% of 34 CPAs) Appendix 2 Other CPAs That Require Constitutional Reform References Part VI Implementation and Reconstruction 23 Transitional Justice and Peacemaking/Peacebuilding Introduction The Emergence and Consolidation of Transitional Justice Shifting Parameters for the Transitional Justice Paradigm Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding Transitional Justice in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding at the Local Level Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding: Closing Remarks 24 Peace Education as a Peacemaking Tool in Conflict Zones The Role of Education in Peacebuilding and Conflict Escalation Theories of Change in Peace Education Building Bridges Theory Culture of Peace Theory Shifts in Consciousness Theory Transformations Resulting from Peace Education Teacher Training and Programmatic Factors Facilitating Transformations that Build Bridges Facilitating Transformations to Build a Culture of Peace Facilitating Shifts in Consciousness Combining Theories of Change Sustaining Transformations Scaling Peace Education Impact to Support Peacemaking Conclusion 25 Post-accord Crime and Violence Introduction The Context of Post-accord Violence Types of Post-accord Violence The Perpetrators of Post-accord Violence The Causes of Post-accord Violence The Implications of Post-accord Violence Conclusion Bibliography 26 Everyday Economic Experiences and Peace Processes Introduction The Theory of Economic Reconstruction ‘Market Liberalisation and Trade Integration Promote Peace’ ‘Growth Leads to Development, Leads to Peace and Stability’ Experiences of Economic Reconstruction A Disappointing Economic Experience of ‘Peace’ Losing Legitimacy Conclusion Part VII Conclusion 27 Conclusion: Peace Processes, Past, Present, and Future Getting into Talks: Pre-negotiation Managing the Process: Dealing with Negotiations and Violence Peace Accords Reconstruction and Conflict Transformation Eleven Propositions Index