Measurements and Performance Characteristics of Diagnostic X-Ray Tubes and Generators: IPEM Report 32 part I

Description

This book describes the theoretical principals including potential modes of failures and equipment performance limitations and provides practical advice for making quality assurance (QA) measurements for clinical X-ray tubes and generators. The guidance given for making QA measurements seeks to be practical, using equipment commonly found in medical physics departments, and where possible alternative techniques are discussed along with their relevant limitations. Topics covered include general introduction, requirements for measuring instruments, evaluation of safety features, measurements of beam quality, tube output and consistency, focal spot size, specification for performances, and related ancillaries. PRELIMS.pdf Preface to the first edition (1980) Preface to second edition (1995) Preface to the third edition (2022) Reference Acknowledgements CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope 1.2 Evidence based QA paper discussion 1.3 Framework for testing 1.3.1 Equipment available for radiographer QA and engineer measurements 1.3.2 Age and reliability 1.3.3 In-built diagnostic and error reporting 1.3.4 Planned preventative maintenance service programme 1.3.5 Frequency of specialist QA tests 1.3.6 Summary References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 X-ray tubes and generators 2.1 Generator 2.1.1 Generator power source 2.1.2 Transformer 2.2 X-ray tubes 2.2.1 Cathode/filament control 2.2.2 Anode 2.2.3 Filters 2.2.4 X-ray tube failure modes References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Requirements for measuring equipment 3.1 Requirements 3.2 Summary References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Equipment inventory and service records References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Safety features 5.1 Electrical and mechanical safety 5.1.1 Electrical safety 5.1.2 Covers and cables 5.1.3 Inspection 5.2 Marking of controls 5.2.1 Inspection 5.3 Prevention against unauthorised/accidental use 5.3.1 Inspection 5.4 Emergency controls 5.4.1 Inspection 5.5 Exposure control 5.5.1 Inspection 5.6 Warning indicators 5.6.1 Inspection 5.7 Indicators and spacers 5.7.1 Inspection 5.8 Interlocks 5.8.1 Inspection 5.9 Observation arrangements 5.9.1 Inspection 5.10 Summary References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Collimation alignment and scales 6.1 Light beam diaphragm 6.1.1 Inspection 6.2 X-ray beam centering 6.2.1 Inspection 6.3 X-ray tube-to-detector alignment 6.3.1 Inspection 6.4 Distance and scales 6.4.1 Inspection 6.5 Collimator attenuation 6.5.1 Inspection 6.6 Summary References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Tube output and consistency 7.1 Repeatability and reproducibility with exposure time and tube (filament) current 7.2 Inspection 7.2.1 Falling load operation 7.2.2 Capacitor discharge units 7.2.3 Mains compensation 7.3 Summary References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Exposure time 8.1 Inspection 8.2 Summary References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Beam quality 9.1 Peak photon energy 9.2 Inspection 9.3 Summary 9.4 Half value layer and filtration 9.5 Inspection 9.6 Summary References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 Focal spot 10.1 Inspection 10.1.1 Pinhole 10.1.2 Resolution technique References CH011.pdf Chapter 11 Dose area product assessment 11.1 Inspection 11.1.1 Measurement of point dose and area 11.1.2 Calibration against reference DAP meter 11.2 Summary References CH012.pdf Chapter 12 Focal plane tomography 12.1 Inspection 12.2 Summary References CH013.pdf Chapter 13 Anti-scatter grids 13.1 Inspection