Functional performance in older adults

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Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTRIBUTORS REVIEWERS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH EDITION Part I Global Health and Aging: Implications for Health and Participation Chapter 1 Growing Old in Today’s World History of Aging Life Expectancy Impact of Economic Circumstances and Gender Throughout History Attitudes About Aging From a Historical Perspective Historical Roles of Older Adults Cohort Effects Aging Today: Factors Affecting the Experience of Aging Physical Environment Sociocultural Factors Individual Characteristics The Impact of Gender in Modern Times Socioeconomic Factors Positive Aging Chapter 2 Theories of Aging: A Multidisciplinary Reviewfor Occupational and Physical Therapists Challenges of Societal Aging What Do Gerontologists Want to Explain? Sociodemographic Changes The Current State of Theoryin Gerontology Theories of Aging Biological Theories of Aging Neuropsychological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociological Theories of Aging Client-Centered ApproachesWith Older Adults The Systems Theory of Motor Control The Model of Human Occupation The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Healthand the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, Third Edition The ICF The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, Third Edition Chapter 3 Public Policy and Advocacy in North America Public Policy and Aging Federal Policy State Policy Local Policy Public Policy in International Context Models of Advocacy How Policy Is Made Advocating for Policies Advocating for Individuals The Role of OT and PT in Advocacy Advocacy at Work: The Olmstead Act Chapter 4 Aging Around the World Services for Older Adults in Israel The Demography of Aging in Israel Health and Welfare Services Long-Term Care for Disabled Elders The Social Formal System of Care The Health System of Care Issues and Challenges Health Care for the Elderly in Mexico Sociodemographic Context Health-Care Systems Conclusion Aging in South Africa The Effect of Apartheid on South African Aged The Rainbow Nation: Current Status of Older Adults Health Care in South Africa The Role of the Aged in the South African Community Challenges for the Aged in South Africa Conclusion Chapter 5 Meaningful Occupation in Later Life The Search for Meaning Occupation and Meaning Themes of Meaning Supporting Meaning in Occupational and Physical Therapy Interventions Chapter 6 Culture, Ethics, and Elder Abuse Culture and Aging Aging in International Context Culture and Aging in the United States Aging, Culture, and Function Occupations Performance Skills Performance Patterns Context Activity Demands Client Factors: Body Functions and Body Structures Part II Aging: Body Structures and Body Functions SECTION 1: Normal Age-Related Changes Chapter 7 Cognitive Function Bases of Cognitive Aging Key Tenets of Cognitive Aging Across the Life Span Methodological Considerations Foundations of Cognition Aging: Basic and Higher Order Cognitive Processes Basic Cognitive Processes Higher Order Cognitive Processes Additional Cognitive Processes Theories Of Cognitive Aging Speed of Processing Theory Working Memory Inhibition Common Cause Hypothesis (Sensory Functioning) Optimizing Cognitive Aging and Health Chapter 8 Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Function Interrelationships Among Structure and Function, Activity, and Social Participation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function Age-Related Changes in the Cardiopulmonary System and Its Function Airways Lung Parenchyma Alveolar Capillary Membrane Chest Wall Respiratory Muscles Net Effect of Age-Related Cardiopulmonary Changes Age-Related Changes in the Cardiovascular System and Its Function Heart Blood Vessels Net Effects of Age-Related Cardiovascular Changes Functional Consequencesof Age-Related Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Changes The Functional Performance Threshold Functional Capacity Functional Consequences of Fitness in Older People Deconditioning Conditioning Implications for the Management of the Care of Older People Safety Customizing the Environment to Maximize Function Chapter 9 Sensory Function and Function Related to the Skin Vision System and Functional Performance Normal Age-Related Vision System and Vision Changes Auditory System and Functional Performance Normal Age-Related Auditory System and Hearing Changes Effects of Normal Age-Related Auditory System and Hearing Changes Taste and Smell: Physical Changes and Functional Performance Somesthesis: Physical Changes and Functional Performance Skin Changes With Aging Touch and Pressure Pain Temperature Chapter 10 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Muscle, Bone, and Joints Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement Function in Older Adults Age-Related Changes in Muscle Strength and Power Age-Related Muscle Changes and Function Age-Related Changes in the Skeletal System Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System Assessing the Neuromusculoskeletal System in Older Adults Range of Motion and Flexibility Assessment Muscle Strength and Power Assessment Management of Neuromusculoskeletal Impairments in the Older Adult Strength and Resistance Exercises Flexibility (Stretching) Exercises Chapter 11 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Coordination, Balance, and Gait Age-Related Changes in Postural Alignment Age-Related Changes in Coordination Age-Related Changes in Balance and Gait Changes in Proprioception Changes in Gait Assessing Posture, Coordination, Balance, and Gait in Older Adults Static Posture Assessment Coordination Assessment Balance Assessment Gait Assessment Management of Posture, Coordination, Balance, and Gait Problems in the Older Adult Postural Problems and Skeletal Deformities Coordination Balance and Gait SECTION 2: Age-Related Health Conditions, Impairments, and Limitations Chapter 12 Cognitive and Emotional Function: Health Conditions Key Tenets for Understanding and Maximizing Success With Atypical Cognitive Changes Neurodegenerative Illnesses: Dementiaand Associated Disorders Prevalence of Dementia and Associated Disorders Etiology and Types of Dementia Symptoms of Dementia Diagnosing Dementia Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions for Dementia Stroke Prevalence Etiology and Types of Stroke Symptoms of Stroke Diagnosing Stroke Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions for Stroke Mental Health Conditions Depression Anxiety Disorders Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder Substance Use Disorders Understanding the Illness Experienceof Individuals With Cognitive Conditions Translating Research Findings Into Rehabilitation Treatment Plans for Cognitive and Emotional Disorders Chapter 13 Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Function: Health Conditions Factors Affecting Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Health in Older People Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Epidemiology Gravitational Stress and Exercise Stress Extrinsic Factors Intrinsic Factors Exercise Testing and Training Older People With Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Health Conditions Assessment Findings and Implications for Exercise Testing Exercise Test Findings and Implications for Exercise Training Chapter 14 Sensory Function, Function Related to the Skin and Pain: Health Conditions Pathological Changes in the Visual System Cataracts Age-Related Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Diabetic Retinopathy Functional and Behavioral Adaptations Other Diseases That May Affect Vision,Visual Processing, and Functional Performance Pathology of the Auditory System Skin Pain Assessment Interventions Chapter 15 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Health Conditions Osteoarthritis Risk Factors and Signs and Symptoms Management of Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Clinical Diagnosis Fractures Management of Osteoporosis Amputation in Older Adults Physical and Psychosocial Challenges of Limb Amputation Management of Limb Amputation in Older Adults Complications of Limb Amputation Parkinson’s Disease Management of Parkinson’s Disease Stroke Chapter 16 Neuromuscular and Movement Function: Falls Definition of Fall and Near-Fall Fall Facts Where and When Do Older Adults Fall? Consequences and Sequelae of Falls Risk Factors for Falls Risk Factors—Age-Related and Biological Risk Factors—Behavioral and Cognitive Factors—Environmental and Community Fall Risk and Fall Prevention Assessment Fall Risk and Fall Prevention Intervention Exercise Prescription of Assistive and Adaptive Devices and Activities of Daily Living,Mobility, and Gait Training Fear of Falling Interventions Environment/Community: Prevention and Intervention Other Interventions Chapter 17 Considerations for Medical Careof Older Adults Differential Impact of Disease and Disorder in Later Life Physiological and Psychosocial Factors and Disease Severity of Specific Conditions Presenting Symptoms Preexisting Conditions Acute Conditions The Impact of Hospitalization Common Medical Conditions in Later Life Cancer Diabetes and Obesity Urinary Tract Infection Infectious Diseases Nutritional Deficiency and Oral Health Frailty Syndrome and Post hospital Syndrome Medication General Principles for Effective Medication Use in Later Life Pain Management Substance Abuse Implications for Occupational Therapy and Physical Therap y Part III Active Aging: Supporting Client Activities and Participation Chapter 18 Self-Care Defining Self-Care Models to Explain Everyday Functional Abilities Competence, Value, and Meaning in Self-Care Significance of Self-Care Prevalence and Type of Limitations of Activities of Daily Living Among Older Adults Effects of Medical Conditionson Self-Care Stroke Cardiovascular Disease Dementia and Cognitive Decline Joint Inflammation and Disease Sensory Problems Measuring Self-Care Performance Assessing Factors Contributing to Self-Care Deficits Assessing Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Assessing Environmental Factors Safety Activities of Daily Living Intervention Skill Training Environmental Modifications Assistive Devices for Self-Care Task Modifications Chapter 19 Leisure Leisure and Aging Leisure as a Statement of Identity Leisure as a Fully Engaging Experience Elements of Leisure Control Motivation Freedom From Unnecessary Constraintsof Reality A Model of Leisure Engagement Promotion of Leisure: Application of the Model Role of Physical Therapy in Promoting Leisure Chapter 20 Work and Retirement Models of Retirement and Transition to Retirement The Retirement Process and Models Who Are the Older Workers of Today and Tomorrow? Barriers to Successful Continued Employment Faced by Older Workers Generational and Cultural Perspectives on Work and Retirement Therapy Perspectives on Work and Retirement Occupational Therapy and Older Workers Physical Therapy and Older Workers Ergonomic and Assistive Technologies Volunteerism and Leisure Legislative and Policy Issues Around the World Other Health-Care Providers Involved in Work and Retirement Chapter 21 Environment, Products, and Technology Aging and Functional Performance The Built Environment and Functional Performance Change the Individual Change the Environment Provide Individuals With Tools Aging in Place Assessing the Need for Assistive Technology Determining Assistive Technology Needs Using the ICF and Practice Framework Assistive Technology for Older Adults Devices for Persons With Mobility or Motor Impairments Devices for Persons With Vision Impairments Devices for Persons With Hearing Impairments Devices for Persons With Memory Loss Issues Relating to Use of Assistive Technology With Older Adults Chapter 22 Driving Overview of National Statistics on Violations, Crashes, and Fatalities Driving as an Occupation Client Factors Performance Skills Performance Patterns Contexts Age-Related Physiological and Disease-Related Changes Affecting Driving Performance Sensory Functions Changes in Other Functions Clinical Assessment and Intervention Medical and Driving History and Performance Patterns Clinical Assessment of Movement Clinical Assessment of Visual Functions Clinical Assessment of Other Client Factors and Performance Skills Evidence-Based Practice Suggestions for Clinicians in Geriatric Practice Chapter 23 Community Mobility Losing the Ability to Drive: A Psychosocial Perspective Source of Decision to Stop Driving Implications of Driving Cessation Family Involvement Suggestions for Clinicians in Geriatric Practice Community Mobility: Some Alternative Solutions Facilitating Change in Transportation Services Evidence-Based Practice Chapter 24 Interactions, Relationships, and Sexuality Social Relationships in Later Life Culture and Family Family Constellations Family Occupations Grandparenting Special Circumstances Spousal Relationships and Widowhood Implications for Intervention Sexuality and Aging Defining Sexuality Life-Stage Effects Gays and Lesbians in Older Adulthood Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors of Older Adults Age-Related Physical Changes and Sexual Functioning Effects of Disease and Other Factorson Sexuality Effects of Disease and Other Factorson Sexuality Implications for Health-Care Providers When Caregiving Becomes Necessary The Intentional Relationship Model Techniques for Practice Addressing Family Issues in the Current Health-Care Environment Chapter 25 Learning in Later Life Gerogogy Impact of Sensory System Changes on OlderAdult Learning Impact of Psychological and Physical Changeson Older Adult Learning Impact of Cognitive Changes on Older Adult Learning Impact of Social-Cultural Elements on Older Adult Learning Learning and Memory: Not Just One Way to Learn Episodic and Semantic Memory Free Recall and Supported Recall Prospective Memory Procedural Memory and Motor Learning: Skill Learning Formal, Nonformal, and Informal Learning in Later Life Why Do Older Adults Engage in Learning? Learning and Older Adult Health Cognitive Reserve Health Literacy E-Learning in Later Life Chapter 26 Spirituality Defining Spirituality Differentiating Religion from Spirituality Spirituality as a Vital Dimension of Rehabilitative Practice As Human Beings As Health Professionals As Occupational Therapists in Particular As Witnesses and Advocates for People With Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities As Specialists in Elder Care Approaches to Spirituality in Occupational and Physical Therapy Acknowledge the Issue Refer to a Spiritual-Care Professional Intervene Directly Using Spiritual Interventions Intervene Indirectly Using Familiar Therapeutic Interventions Narrative Ritual Appreciation of Nature Creativity Work Movement Part IV Service Delivery for the Aging Client Chapter 27 Evaluation of Functional Performance Functional Performance Evaluating Functional Performance Conceptual Frameworks for Evaluation of Functional Performance International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Glass Model Person–Environment–Occupation Model What to Assess When Focusing on Function in Older Adults Priority Areas of Functional Performance With Older Adults Specific Issues Related to Evaluation of Functional Performance Chapter 28 Health and Wellness Concepts Related to Healthand Wellness Factors Associated With Health and Wellness in Older Adults Rowe and Kahn Model of Successful Aging Other Factors Associated With Health and Wellness for Older Adults Therapy for Health and Wellness Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Interventions and Programs Professional Development for Practice Addressing Health and Wellness in the Current Health-Care Environment Chapter 29 Community-Based Services Service Imperative Service Classifications Continuum of Care Location Function Service Utilization Service Barriers Linkage Something to Do Working Learning Giving Experiencing Someone to Care Adult Protective Services Someplace to Live Implications for Physical and Occupational Therapy Chapter 30 Primary Care Primary Care and Primary Health Care Models of Integrating Rehabilitation Professionals and Services in Primary Care Theoretical Frameworks Used to Understand Access to Health Services A Conceptual Framework for Access to Health Care Theoretical Framework for Health Service Utilization The Expanded Chronic Care Model Interpreting the ECCM The ECCM and the Health-Care Professional Roles for Occupational Therapistsin Primary Care Roles for Physical Therapists in Primary Care Patient-Centeredness in Primary Care Multimorbidity Physical Function as a Primary Health Outcome Self-Management and Behavior Change Lifestyle Conditions and Interventions Health Coaching and Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Patient Satisfaction The Integration of Technology to Maximize Service Delivery Integration of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Within the Primary Care Team Chapter 31 Home Health Care History of Home Health Care in the United States Cultural Competence and Patient-Centered Care Overview of Important Legislation The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) The Affordable Care Act (ACA) The Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act (IMPACT) Home Health-Care Agencies and Medicare Criteria for Medicare Reimbursement to Home Health Agencies Criteria for Coverage of Home Health Servicesfor Medicare Beneficiaries Impact of Regulations on Therapy Provision The Role of OT, PT, and SLP in the Survey Process Patients’ Rights and Confidentiality The Role of the Therapist in Communication and Plan of Care Therapy Services and Therapy Assistants The Initial Visit and Comprehensive Assessment Documentation Initial Evaluation Reassessment Payment Systems and Reimbursement Therapy Thresholds Part B Outpatient Therapy Services Other Sources of Payment What Intervention Looks Like Therapy and Data Collection Intervention Measuring Quality and Best Practice Chapter 32 Rehabilitation Disability in Older Adulthood Psychological Consequences of Disabling Events Aging With a Preexisting Disability Issues for Persons With Intellectual Disability Issues for Persons With Serious Mental Illness Issues for Persons With Physical Disabilities What Makes Older Adult Rehabilitation Unique? Chronological Versus Physiological Aging Progressive Versus Catastrophic Disability Biological and Other Factors Management The Rehabilitation Team Coordinating the Rehabilitation Team Case Management The Occupational Therapy–Physical Therapy Partnership Delivery Systems Acute Care Transitional Care Facilities and Units Rehabilitation Units Day Hospital Care and Adult Day Care Facilities Home Health and Domiciliary Care Outpatient and Ambulatory Care Evaluation Assessment Instruments Personal and Environmental Factors to Consider Personal Factors That May Influence Rehabilitation Environmental Factors That May Influence Rehabilitation Rehabilitation for Older Adults—The Evidence Chapter 33 Long-Term Care Evolution of the Nursing Home Legislation and Regulation Medicare and Medicaid State Regulations Models of Care Profile of Nursing Home Residents Therapy in Nursing Home Settings Occupational Therapy Occupation in Long-Term Care Physical Therapy Interdisciplinary Teams in Long-Term Care Therapies and the Total Environment Evidence-Based Approaches to Care for Patients With Dementia Chapter 34 End of Life End of Life, Palliative Care, and Hospice Philosophy Living in Old Age With a Life-Threatening Illness A Good Death and Different Cultures The Influence of End of Life on Close Family and Relatives Needs for Palliative Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy Health Policy and Related Factors Affecting End-of-Life and Palliative Care End-of-Life Palliative Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy Interventions Referral Assessment Goal Setting Intervention Bereavement for Older Persons in End of Life and for Family Members Family Involvement and Support Palliative Care: A Team-Based Approach Appropriate Outcomes for Palliative Occupational Therapyand Physiotherapy and Implications for Practice Chapter 35 The Future of Aging Demographic and Societal Trends Cohort Effects Culture and Aging Meaning in Life Participating in Life and Community Work and Retirement Aging and Environment Financial Considerations Living Arrangements Trends in Health Care Systems of Care—Facilitating Transitions Evidence-Based Practice Technology Biomedical Research Paying for Care Implications for Physical and Occupational Therapy GLOSSARY Index