Ancient Greek Grammar for the Study of the New Testament

Description

The Ancient Greek Grammar for the Study of the New Testament is a tool for theologians and others interested in interpreting the Greek New Testament. It is a reference grammar that systematically covers all areas relevant to well-founded text interpretation including textgrammar. Combining accuracy with accessibility was one of the main objectives in producing the book. The information it provides is based on the best of traditional and more recent research in the study of Ancient Greek and linguistic communication. Differences between classical and non-classical usage are regularly indicated. The mode of presentation is largely shaped by the needs of prospective users, who are typically unacquainted with the details of linguistic research. Aiming at both a professional quality of content and user-friendly presentation, a tool was produced that aims to be of service to novices and more experienced exegetes alike. Cover Copyright Information Contents Preface Abbreviations 0 Introduction 0.1 The language family of Greek 0.2 Overview of the history of Greek 0.3 New Testament Greek 0.4 On the history of Ancient Greek grammar 0.5 Levels of text structures and the present grammar 1 Writing System and Phonology 1.1 Writing system and sounds of Ancient Greek 1 The alphabet and its pronunciation 2 Vowels 3 Consonants 4 Syllables 1.2 Diacritical marks 5 Breathings and accents 6 Proclitics and enclitics 7 Further diacritics including punctuation marks 1.3 Important sound changes (“sound laws”) 1.3.1 Sound changes affecting vowels 8 Ablaut 9 Quantitative metathesis. 10 Compensatory lengthening for deleted consonants 11 Vowel contraction. 1.3.2 Sound changes affecting consonants 12 Traces of original ? and i? 13 The deletion of consonants 14 Aspirate dissimilation 15 Assimilation of consonants 16 Combinations of consonants: synopsis of changes. 1.3.3 Word-final sound changes 17 Possible word-final consonants 18 Movable word-final consonants 19 Elision of short word-final vowels 20 Crasis 2 Structure of Words – Morphology 2.1 Word structure: basics 21 Grammatical components of words 22 Word-classes 2.2 Declension of nouns and adjectives. 23 Declension basics 24 Article 2.2.1 Declension of nouns. 2.2.1.1 First declension: stems in -a/-?. 25 First declension: feminine nouns 26 First declension: masculine nouns 27 First declension: contracted nouns 2.2.1.2 Second declension: stems in -?. 28 Second declension: masculine nouns 29/30 Second declension: feminine and neuter nouns. 31 Second declension: contracted nouns 2.2.1.3 Third declension 32 Introductory remarks. 33 Accentuation of third declension nouns (i) Third declension consonant stems (a) Stop-final stems. 34 Labial and velar stems 35 Dental stems (b) ?-, ?t- and liquid stems 36 ?- and ?t-stems 37 Liquid stems (in -?, -?) (c) Other types of consonant stems. 38 Stems in -? involving three ablaut grades 39 s-stems (ii) Vowel and diphthong stems 40 Vowel stems 41 Diphthong stems (?-stems) (iii) Peculiarities and overview of important stems 42 Irregular third declension nouns 43 Terminations of important third declension stems 2.2.2 Declension of adjectives and participles 44 First/second declension adjectives (class 1) 45 Third declension adjectives (class 2: -?/-s) 46 Mixed third and first declension adjectives (class 3) 47 Adjectives with more than one stem. 48 Participles 49 Overview of adjectives and participles 2.3 Comparison of adjectives. 50/51 Comparative and superlative forms 52 Comparative forms in -??? -???/-?? -?? 2.4 Adverbs 53 Adverbs and their comparison 2.5 Pronouns 54 Non-reflexive personal pronouns 55 Reflexive personal pronouns 56 ????? and the reciprocal pronoun. 57 Possessive pronouns and alternatives 58 Demonstrative pronouns 59 Relative pronouns 60 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns. 61 Correlative pronouns and adverbs 2.6 Numerals 62 Cardinals, ordinals and adverbs 63 Inflection of cardinals from one to four 2.7 Verbs 2.7.1 Verbal system: basics. 64 Categories of verbal system 65 Aspect and tense 66 Synopsis of the components of finite verb forms 67 Verb stems 68 Tense-aspect stems 69 Mood signs 70 Personal endings and terminations of nominal forms. 71 Augment 72 Reduplication 73 Augment and reduplication in compounds 74 Accentuation of verb forms 74g Overview of conjugation classes 2.7.2 Thematic conjugation or verbs in -? 75 Preliminaries: present stem formation 2.7.2.1 Vowel verbs (i) Uncontracted vowel verbs: paradigm of pa?de?? 76 Active: pa?de?? “I train/I am training (s.o.)”. 77 Middle: pa?de??µa? “I train/I am training (s.o.) for myself” 78 Passive: pa?de??µa? “I am (being) trained” 79 Explanatory notes on the paradigm of pa?de?? 80 Uncontracted vowel verbs with peculiarities (ii) Contracted verbs 81 Contracted verbs: preliminaries 82 Output vowels as pointers to the stem-type 83 Accentuation of contracted verb forms. (a) Contracted verbs in -??. 84 Present/durative forms of ??ap?? “to love”. 85 Regular contracted verbs in -?? 86 Contracted verbs in -?? with peculiarities (b) Contracted verbs in -??. 87 Present/durative forms of p???? “to do”. 88 Contracted verbs in -?? with peculiarities (c) Contracted verbs in -??. 89 Present/durative forms of d???? “to make clear” 2.7.2.2 Stop verbs 90 Stop verbs: preliminaries 91 Present stems of stop verbs 92 Stop verbs: tense-aspect stems outside the present. 93 Stop verbs: forms of the perfect middle-passive stem 94 Principal parts of important labial verbs. 95 Principal parts of important velar verbs 96 Principal parts of important dental verbs 2.7.2.3 Liquid verbs 97 Present stems of liquid verbs 98 Future and aorist active/middle stems of liquid verbs 99 Liquid verbs: forms of the perfect middle-passive stem. 100 Typical principal parts of liquid verbs 101 Liquid verbs with stems in -? 102 Liquid verbs with stems in -? 103 Liquid verbs with stems in -? 2.7.2.4 Strong tense-aspect stems (aorist II/perfect II) 104 Strong tense-aspect stems: preliminaries 105 Strong thematic aorist active/middle 106 Root aorist. 107 Second aorist passive and the future derived from it 108 Strong perfect active 109 Root perfect and ??da 2.7.2.5 Thematic conjugation: “irregular” verbs 110 Verbs with a nasal affix in the present stem 111 Verbs with a s?-affix in the present stem. 112 The so-called e-class verbs 113 The mixed class verbs (suppletive verbs) 2.7.3 Athematic conjugation or verbs in -µ? 114 Athematic conjugation or verbs in -µ?: preliminaries 2.7.3.1 Verbs in -µ? with present reduplication 115 Present/durative forms of the “Big Four” in -µ? 116 Strong aorist active forms of the “Big Four” in -µ? 117 Present/durative mid./pass. forms of the “Big Four” in -µ? 118 Strong aorist middle forms of the “Big Four” in -µ?. 119 Explanatory notes on the paradigms of the “Big Four” in -µ? 120 Principal parts of the “Big Four” in -µ? 121 Verbs that are conjugated like ?st?µ? 2.7.3.2 Verbs in -??µ?/-???µ? (nasal-presents) 122 Present/durative forms of de????µ? “to show” 123 Principal parts of the verbs in -??µ? 124 Principal parts of the verbs in -???µ? 2.7.3.3 Root presents in -µ? 125 e?µ?, e?µ?, f?µ?, ?e?µa? and ????µa? 3 Syntax 3.1 Basics of syntax 126 Definition and organization of syntax 127 Sentence and its constituents 128 Means of expressing syntactic relationships. 3.2 Words and phrases as sentence elements. 3.2.1 Syntax of declinable words and their phrases 129 Peculiarities of number use. 3.2.1.1 Syntax of the article 130 Usage differences between Ancient Greek and English 131 The pronominal use of the article 132 Standard use of the article. 133 Definiteness without the article 134 The article and proper names 135 Article use with complements and adverbials 136 Article use and the attributive and predicative positions 3.2.1.2 Syntax of the adjective 137 Adjective phrases and their use 138 Comparison. 3.2.1.3 Syntax of pronouns 139 Personal and reciprocal pronouns 140 The possessive pronoun and its alternatives 141 Demonstrative pronouns 142 Relative pronouns 143 Interrogative pronouns 144 Indefinite pronoun. 3.2.1.4 Syntax of numerals 145 Important points on numeral use 3.2.1.5 Syntax of case forms. 146 Syntax of case forms: preliminaries (i) Nominative and vocative 147 Nominative 148 Vocative (ii) Accusative. 149 Accusative: preliminaries (a) Object accusative. 150 Accusative of direct external object 151 Accusative of direct internal object 152 Simple object accusative. 153 Double accusative 154 Accusative and passive transformation. (b) Free use accusative 155 Accusative of extent 156 Accusative of respect 157 Adverbial accusative. (iii) Genitive 158 Genitive: preliminaries (a) Genitive proper (aa) Genitive of appurtenances 159 Genitive of originator or possessor. 160 Subjective and objective genitive 161 Genitive of material or content 162 Genitive of quality 163 Genitive of value or price 164 Genitive of direction or purpose 165 Genitive of explanation or apposition. (ab) Partitive genitive 166 Partitive genitive modifying noun phrases 167 Verbs combining with partitive genitive objects (ac) Genitive of time 168 Genitive of time (b) Ablative genitive (genitive of departure point) 169 Genitive of separation 170 Genitive of comparison. 171 Genitive of place (c) Special cases of genitive use 172 Combinations of different types of genitives (iv) Dative 173 Dative: preliminaries. (a) Dative proper 174 Objective dative 175 Objective dative with adjectives 176 Dative of interest. (b) Instrumental dative 177 Dative of instrument or cause 178 Dative of respect (c) Sociative dative 179 Dative of association. 180 Dative of manner (d) Locative dative 181 Dative of place 182 Dative of time 3.2.1.6 Prepositions. 183 Syntax of prepositions: preliminaries 184 Proper prepositions 185 Improper prepositions 186 Prepositional prefixes 187 Overview of phrases indicating space, time etc.. 3.2.2 Syntax of verb forms 3.2.2.1 Voice. 188 Voice: preliminaries 189 The active voice 190 The middle voice 191 The passive voice 3.2.2.2 Aspects and tenses (i) General points on aspects and tenses 192 Preliminary remarks about aspects and tenses 193 Synopsis of aspect forms with and without tense value 194 The three aspects: detailed explanation 195 Overview: examples of typical aspect use (ii) Indicative verb forms 196 Indicative forms: preliminaries 197 Indicative present 198 Imperfect. 199 Indicative aorist. 200 Indicative perfect 201 Pluperfect 202 Indicative future 203 Periphrastic conjugation (iii) Non-indicative verb forms 204 Overview of non-indicative verb forms (iv) Verb forms seemingly expressing a tense value 205 Absolute tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms 206 Relative tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms 3.2.2.3 Moods 207 Moods: preliminaries 208 Moods and tense/aspect meanings 209 Indicative 210 Subjunctive 211 Optative. 212 Imperative 3.2.2.4 Non-finite verb (nominal verb forms) (i) Infinitive. 213 Infinitive: preliminaries 214 Infinitive and tense/aspect meanings 215 Negated infinitive phrases 216 Cases inside infinitive phrases: ACI et al (a) Non-articular infinitive/ACI 217 Infinitive/ACI phrases as subjects 218 Infinitive/ACI phrases as objects 219 Infinitive phrases as complements of adjectives. 220 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of purpose. 221 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of result. 222 Explanatory infinitive/ACI phrases as appositions. (b) Articular infinitive/ACI. 223 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases: preliminaries 224 Infinitive/ACI phrases with simple article 225 Infinitive/ACI phrases with t?? 226 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases governed by prepositions (ii) Participle 227 Participle: preliminaries 228 Participle and tense/aspect meanings 229 Syntactic use of participles (a) Adverbial participle. 230 Adverbial participle: “p.c.” and “gen.abs.” 231 Adverbial participle: adverbial nuances 232 Adverbial participle: standard ways of translating it (b) Predicative participle. 233 Predicative participle: ACP (and GCP) 234 Predicative participle: modifying verbs 235 Predicative participle: periphrastic conjugation (c) Attributive and nominalized participles 236 Participle phrases as attributive modifiers 237 Nominalized participle phrases. (d) Special idiomatic uses of participles 238 “Graphic” participle 239 Pleonastic participles 240 Participle and the Hebrew infinitive absolute. 3.2.3 Uninflected words 3.2.3.1 Adverbs 241 On the use of adverbs 242 Comparison of adverbs 3.2.3.2 Negatives 243 Overview of negatives in Ancient Greek 244 Typical use of negatives in KG. 245 Use of the negative particle ?? 246 Use of the negative particle µ? 247 Peculiar uses of negative particles 248 Double and multiple negatives 249 Negation influenced by Semitic usage 3.2.3.3 Conjunctions 250 Conjunctions: preliminaries 251 Overview of conjunctions 252 Alphabetical list of important uninflected words 3.3 Sentences and their constituents 253 Sentences and their constituents: preliminaries 3.3.1 Sentence constituents 254 Sentence constituents: terminological approach. 3.3.1.1 Obligatory sentence constituents (i) Subject 255 Subject: function and ways of expressing it (ii) Predicate 256 The predicator 257 Complements: objects. 258 Complements: other types of predicative elements 3.3.1.2 Optional sentence constituents 259 Adverbial adjuncts and subject/object adjuncts 3.3.1.3 Attributive modifiers 260 Attributive modifiers including apposition. 3.3.2 Concord 261 Concord: preliminaries 262 Number concord 263 Gender, number and case concord 264 Phrases joined by means of ?a? “and” or the like 265 Notional concord. 3.4 Sentence/clause types 266 Sentence/clause types: preliminaries 3.4.1 Independent (main) clauses 267 Independent declarative clauses 268 Independent desiderative clauses 269 Independent interrogative clauses (direct questions) 3.4.2 Dependent (subordinate) clauses 270 Dependent (subordinate) clauses: preliminaries 3.4.2.1 Conjunctional clauses (i) Conjunctional subject-object clauses 271 Dependent declarative (subject-object) clauses 272 Dependent desiderative (subject-object) clauses 273 Dependent interrogative (subject-object) clauses 274 Direct and indirect speech. 275 Overview of constructions often rendered by “that”-clauses (ii) Conjunctional adverbial clauses 276 Temporal clauses 277 Causal clauses 278 Purpose clauses 279 Result clauses 280 Conditional clauses: preliminaries and overview 281 Indefinite conditional case 282 Prospective conditional case. 283 Potential conditional case. 284 Remote conditional case. 285 Mixed conditional constructions and special cases 286 Concessive and exceptive conditional clauses 287 Manner clauses (iii) Conjunctional clauses as attributive modifiers 288 Conjunctional attributive clauses 3.4.2.2 Relative clauses. 289 Form and syntactic function of relative clauses 290 Relative clauses with adverbial force 3.5 Deviations from syntactic and other “norms” 291 Deviations as stylistic devices or “figures of speech” 292 Figures involving word or clause order 293 Figures involving omission. 294 Figures involving repetition and amplification. 295 Tropes 296 Figures involving paraphrasing, veiling, and unveiling 4 Textgrammar 4.1 Text basics 4.1.1 Texts as a linguistic phenomenon 297 Basic characteristics of a text 4.1.1.1 Text structure 298 The concept of text structure 299 Example: text structure of Matthew 13:45f 4.1.1.2 Coherence 300 The concept of coherence 301 Example: coherence of Matthew 13:45f 4.1.1.3 Communicative function of texts 302 The concept of communicative function of texts 303 Example: the communicative function of Matthew 13:45f 4.1.1.4 Further text-related aspects 304 Text production strategies. 305 Text types and text genres 306 Macro-texts and partial texts. 307 Example: further text-related aspects of Matthew 13:45f 4.1.2 Text comprehension. 308 Text comprehension and text interpretation. 309 Text comprehension – types of knowledge 310 Text comprehension – interaction of two processes 311 Text comprehension – parsing and text constituents 312 Text comprehension – propositional structure 313 Text comprehension – frames. 314 Text comprehension – implied elements 4.2 Coherence and the two sides of text structures 4.2.1 Coherence and the grammatical side of text structures 4.2.1.1 Coherence and connectives. (i) Connectives: possible forms 318 Connectives: conjunctions 319 Connectives: relatives 320 Connectives: adverbs or the like 321 Connectives: prepositions and case forms (ii) Connections. 322 Basics of connections 323 Overview of connections (a) Copulative connections 325 Additive connection 326 Alternative connection (b) Temporal connection. 328 Temporal-anterior connection. 329 Temporal-posterior connection. 330 Temporal-simultaneous connection (c) Conditional connection 331 Conditional connection (d) Causal-codirectional connections in the widest sense 333 Causal connection in a narrower sense 334 Consequential connection 335 Modal-instrumental connection 336 Purpose-oriented connection. (e) Causal-contradirectional connections in the widest sense 338 Adversative connection. 339 Concessive connection (f) Specifying connections 341 Explanatory connection 342 Restrictive connection. (g) Connections involving comparisons 344 Comparative connection 345 Proportional connection 4.2.1.2 Coherence and phoric or deictic function words 347 Phora and deixis 348 Words used for phora and deixis 4.2.2 Coherence and the content side of text structures 4.2.2.1 Content words 350 Coherence and coreferentiality 351 Types of coreferentiality 4.2.2.2 Propositional structure 352 Semantic relations between propositions 353 Example: relational structure of Philippians 2:5–11. 354 Alphabetical list of connectives and the like Appendix 1 Classical and NT Greek: differences 355 Phonology and inflectional morphology. 356 Syntax Appendix 2 Word-formation 1 Lexical word-formation: preliminaries 357 Lexical word-formation and text interpretation 358 Means of lexical word-formation 2 Important derivational suffixes (i) Derived adjectives 359 Adjectives derived from nouns 360 Adjectives derived from verbs (ii) Derived nouns 361 Nouns derived from nouns or adjectives 362 Nouns derived from verbs. (iii) Derived verbs 363 Verbs derived from nouns or adjectives 364 Verbs derived from other verbs (iv) Formation of adverbs 365 Adverbs derived from case forms. 366 Further types of adverb derivation 3 Compounding (i) Compound nouns and adjectives 367 Compound nouns and adjectives classified by form 368 Compound nouns and adjectives classified by meaning (ii) Compound verbs 369 Compound verbs with prepositional prefixes 370 Other types of compound verbs 371 Alphabetic list of word-formation elements Selective bibliography 1 A systematic bibliographical guide. 2 An alphabetical list of titles Indexes 1 References. 1.1 New Testament 1.2 Old Testament. 1.3 Apocrypha. 1.4 Apostolic Fathers 1.5 Further Ancient Greek sources 2 Subject Index 3 Greek Index. 4 Hebrew and Aramaic Index