Environmental Education

Description

Cover Contents Preface Chapter 1: The Multi-disciplinary Nature of Environmental Education Environment: Definition and Scope Introduction Environment Explained Definitions of Environment Scope of Environment Elements of the Environment Environmental Education: Importance Importance of Environmental Education Need for Public Awareness Various Types of Environment Structure of Environment Questions Chapter 2: Nature Resources: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources Resources—Meaning and Types Definition of Natural Resources Renewable and Non-renewable Resources Forest Resources Importance of Forest Resources State Percentage of Forests Area Distribution of Forests Overconsumption of Forests Reasons Deforestation: Meaning and Results Meaning of Deforestation Formidable Picture of Deforestation Evil Consequences of Deforestation Water Resources: Use and Over-utilization of Surface and Groundwater Significance of Water Surface Flow River Lakes and Ponds Lotic Eco-systems or Moving Water Estuaries Water Resource Management Measures to Check Over-Utilization of Water Resources Regulation of Groundwater Utilization and Restricting its Over-utilization Various Steps Flood Management National Flood Control Programme Measures and Achievements Forecasting Thrust Area During the Eighth-plan Period Ganga Flood Control Commission Drought-prone Areas Programme Desert Development Programme Inter-state Water Disputes Reasons for Differences Effort to Resolve Disputes Boards and Committees International Agreements Indo-Nepal Sub-commission on Water Resources Dams: Description, Benefits and Problems Farakka Barrage Project Various Dams in the Country and Benefits the Refrom Environmental Problems Created by Dams The Evil Impacts The Guidelines Environmental Guidelines Some Safeguards Opposition of Dams Reaction Dam Safety Organization Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation and the Environmental Effect of their Extraction Significance Position of Minerals in India Need for an Appropriate Policy National Mineral Policy Mineral Resources Environmental Problem Created by Extracting and Mining Chief Evil Impacts The Guidelines Environmental Guidelines Case Studies in Extracting and Mining Geological Survey of India Food Problem: Causes and Suggestions Main Causes of Food Problem Causes of Food Grains Problem Change Agriculture and Overgrazing Jhum Cultivation Over-grazing The Menace Suggestions Fertilizer Problem Beneficial Affects of Fertilizers Adverse Effects of Fertilizers Pesticides: Environmental Problem Use of Pesticides The Hazardous Methods of Pesticide Application Problems Created by the Pesticides Application Preventive Measures Waterlogging and Salinity Waterlogging Salinity Energy: Its Importance and Kinds Importance of Energy Conventional or Non-renewable and Non-conventional Sources of Energy Use of Conventional Energy Resources Coal Oil and Natural Gas Alternative or Non-conventional Resources of Energy Reasons for Use of Alternative and Resources Solar Energy Rural Electrification Wind Energy Wind Wave Energy Ocean (Tidal) Energy Geothermal Energy Biomass-based Energy Land as a Resource Composition Land Definition and Formation Importance Land Resource in India Improvements Brought in Land Resources Integrated Land Use Planning Non-government Organizations Land Degradation and Human-induced Landslides Land Degradation Human-Induced Landslide Soil Erosion: Meaning and Factors Nature of the Problem Kinds of Soil Erosion Agents of Soil Erosion Frightening Position of Soil Erosion in India Some Effects of Soil Erosion Desertification: Meaning, Concept and Causes Meaning of Desertification Causes of Desertification Concept of Desertification Causes of Desertification Individual’s Rule in Conservation of Natural Resources Meaning of Conservation Need for Conservation Objectives of Conservation Categories of Conservation Individual’s Role in Conservation of Natural Resources Methods of Conservation Equitable use if Resources for Sustainable to Lifestyle Introduction Methods for Equitable Use of Resources Questions Chapter 3: Eco-systems Ecology and Eco-system Ecology Eco-system Historical Background General Characteristics of an Eco-system Structure of an Eco-system Meaning of Structure Nature and Function of Structure of Eco-system Ecological Pyramids The Importance of Ecological Pyramids Functions of an Eco-system Decomposers Process of Decomposition Functions of Decomposition Decomposers with Varying Relations Energy: Its Flow in the Eco-system Definition of Energy Kinds of Energy Single Channel Energy Model Y-shaped Energy Flow Model or the Two Channel Energy Flow Model Ecological Succession: Meaning and Types Meaning of Succession Meaning of Ecological Succession Common Attributes of Ecological Succession Succession: General Process, Climax General Process The Climax Succession in Various Habitats Food Chain: Meaning and Types The Process of Food Chain Steps in Food Chain Cycle in Food Chain Simple Food Chain Types of Food Chain Forest Eco-system: Types, Characteristic, Features, Structure and Functions Forest Biomes Eco-system Grassland Eco-system: Types, Characteristic Features, Structure and Function Features Components of Grassland Eco-system Desert Eco-system: Types, Characteristic Features, Structure and Functions Hot Deserts Cold Deserts Vegetation Animals Desert Eco-system Aquatic Eco-system: Ponds, Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries Lakes and Ponds Biotic Communities of Lakes and Ponds Biota of Littoral Zone Biota of Limnetic Zone Biota of Profundal Zone Biotic Components in Ponds Rivers and Streams Oceans Physico-chemical Aspects of Ocean Zonation of Marine Environment Basic Components in Ocean Estuary Eco-system Classification Questions Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Its Conservation Genetic, Species and Eco-system Diversity Biodiversity Mutation Species Genetic Diversity Diversity Explained Importance of Species and Genetic Diversity Measurement of Biodiversity Number of Species Worldwide Biogeographical Classification of India Soils of India Climate of India Western Himalayas Eastern Himalayas West Indian Deserts (Indus Plain) Gangetic Plain Assam Central India Malabar The Deccan Andamans Consumptive, Productive, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic and Option Values of Biodiversity Ethical Value Deep Ecology Biodiversity at National Level Himalayan Mountain System Himalaya Foothills Western Himalayas (High-altitude Region) Eastern Himalayas Peninsular-lndian Sub-region Tropical Rain Forest Region Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mangrove Swamps of Sunderbans Mammals Hotspots of Biodiversity Definition and Details Main Hotspots of the World Main Hotspots of India Mega-diversity in India Topography Physical Background Physical Features Geological Structure Rivers Climate Climatic Regions of India Threats to Biodiversity Species Going to Be Reduced Rapidly Threatening to Biodiversity Habitat Loss Habitat Fragmentation Poaching of Wildlife Wildlife and Man Indian Endangered Fauna Philidota Carnivora Perissodactyl Rodentia Cetacea Birds Amphibia Invertebrates Crustacea Insects Biodiversity: Reasons for Decline, Suggestions Reasons for Decline Suggestions Other Conservation Measures Questions Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution Solid Waste Management Disaster Management Environmental Pollution and Pollutants: Meaning, Definition and Types Meaning of Pollutants Types of Pollutants Classification of Pollutions Air Pollution: Meaning and Causes Significance of Air Air pollution Causes or Sources of Air pollution Causes of Air Pollution Main Sources of Air Pollution Effect of Air Pollution: Human Beings and Environment Effect of Air Pollution on Humans Some Gases and their Harmful Effects on Humans Evil Effect of Air Pollution on Environment Measures to Control Air Pollution Water Pollution: Meaning and Causes Meaning of Water Pollution Definitions Causes of Water Pollution Effects of Water Pollution Measures to Check Water Pollution Reuse and Reclamation of Water Soil Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects and Measures Definitions of Soil Pollution Causes of Soil Pollution Effect of Soil Pollution Control Measures Marine Pollution Effect of Sea Pollution Oil Pollution Spills Control of Pollution Noise Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control Measures Definition of Noise Pollution Sources of Noise Pollution Effects of Noise Pollution Measurement of Noise Pollution Methods to Control Noise Pollution Thermal Pollution: Cause, Effects and Control Measures Thermal Pollution Cause of Thermal Pollution Effects of Thermal Pollution Nuclear Hazards: Causes, Effects and Control Measures Causes of Nuclear Pollution Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution Solid Waste Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measures of Wastes Meaning of Solid Wastes Position of Solid Waste The Problem of Disposal Control Measures Solid Waste Management Disaster Management: Floods, Earthquakes, Cyclones and Landslides Definition of Disaster Earthquakes and Landslides Cyclones Floods Causes Measures to Control Effects Questions Chapter 6: Social Issues and the Environment Unsustainable: Sustainable Development, Distinction and Major Steps Demerits of Unsustainable Development From Unsustainable Development to Sustainable Development Meaning of Sustainable Development Sustainable Management Means for Sustainable Development Prerequisites Determination of Sustainability Measures Adopted for Sustainable Development in India Measures for the Protection of Environment Prevention and Control of Water and Air Pollution Environmental Impact Assessment Impact Assessment Procedure The Process Single Window Clearance River Valley Projects Mining Projects Thermal Power Projects Industrial Projects Nuclear Power Projects Guidelines and Questionnaires for Environmental Clearance Eco-regenerations and Development Environmental Research Programme Urban Problems Related to Energy Solutiona Introduction Energy Policy Steps Taken for Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting Introduction Water Store Freshwater Two Difficulties Reuse of Water The Immediate Concerns Methods of Water Conservation Basin-Wise Development of Water Resources Watershed Management Introduction The Scheme Contribution by Other Agencies Watershed Development Fund World Bank-aided Watershed Development Projects German-assisted Project Danida-aided Projects Himalayan Watershed Management Project in Uttar Pradesh Pilot Project for Watershed Development in Rainfed Areas DANIDA-aided Watershed Development Project, Karnataka Comprehensive Watershed Development Project in Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu) Integrated Watershed Development Project (Hills) Integrated Watershed Development Project (Plains) National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) Salient Features Climatic Change: Preventive Measures Objective of UNFCCC Conference 2001 Global Warming: Reasons and Consequences Causes of Global Warming Evil Consequences Acid Rain: Causes and Effects Acid Defined Nature of Acid Rain Symptoms Causes of Acid Rain Effects Acid Rain in India Ozone Layer Depletion: Causes and Consequences Ozone Troposphere Stratosphere Functions of Ozone Layer Effect of Temperature Inversion Consequences of Ozone Pollution Problem The Ozone Hole Formidable Consequences The Danger Lay Hidden Some Measures Nuclear Accidents and Holocaust, Case Studies Idea Behind the Invention of the Atom Bomb Use of the Atom Bomb The Adverse Effects Wasteland Reclamation Reasons Measures The National Wasteland Development Board Working of the Board The Measures Composition and Functions Initiatives Schemes and Projects Consumerism: Practice, Importance, Advantages and Results Consumerism Defined Consumer Rights The Pathetic Condition of the Consumer Misguiding Advertisements Environment Protection Act, 1986 Salient Features Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Acts Wildlife Protection Act Indian Board of Wildlife (LBWL) Forest Conservation Act Purpos Provisions Amendment in the Act Issues Involved in the Enforcement of Environmental Legislation During Pre-independence Period After Independence Public Awareness: Meaning and Steps Meaning of Public Awareness B.I.W.D. Papers Methods or Ways to Develop Environmental Awareness Components of Environmental Awareness Role of Education in Developing Environmental Awareness Steps Taken for Environmental Awareness in India NEAC NMNH ENVIS Awards Questions Chapter 7: Human Population and the Environment Population Growth, Variation Among Nations History of Population Growth Variation Among Nations Slackening Population Explosion: Causesa Economic Causes Social Causes Family Welfare Programme: Meaning and Objectives Meaning Objectives of Family Welfare Programme Family Welfare Programme: Working and Objective of Family Welfare Programme in India Objectives of Family Welfare Programme Birth Control Methods Impact of the Programme Medical Termination of Pregnancy Maternal and Child Health-care Programme Training of Multi-purpose Workers Motivation and Education Area Projects Environment and its Effect on Human Health Meaning of Environment Classification of Environment Noisy Environment and Human Health Effect of Soil and Water Pollutions on Human’s Health Biological Effects of Chemical Toxicants Air Pollution and Human’s Health Water Pollution and Human’s Health Human Rights: Meaning of Fundamental Rights Meaning of Rights Meaning of Fundamental Rights Meaning of Human Rights The Significance of Human Rights Human Rights in UN Charter Universal Declaration of Human Rights Special Features of Human Rights Human Rights in India Constitution of the National Human Rights Commission Value Education: Meaning of Value Education Process of Education Approaches to Educational Values Kinds of Educational Values Aesthetic Values Hierarchy of Educational Values HIV/Aids HIV/AIDS Meaning Definition of HIV/AIDS Symptoms A Grave Problem Factors Reasons Symptoms Fatal Forms Treatment Opportunistic Infections Measures Adopted by the Government Preventive Measures Women’s Welfare: Main Measures Women’s Development Bureau Development Programmes Other Developments Child Welfare: Important Measures Women and Child Development National Policy for Children National Children’s Fund Multi-State ICDS Project Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme Training of ICDS Functionaries New Innovatives in ICDS Crèches/Day-Care Centres for Children Early Childhood Education (ECE) Balwadi Nutrition Programme (BNP) World Food Programme (WFP) Balsevika Training Programme Toy Bank National Awards for Child Welfare United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Food and Nutrition Board Scheme for Street Children Programme for Juvenile Justice Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health Role of Print and Non-print Instructional Media Blend of Two Medias Radio, the Media Questions Chapter 8: Fieldwork Fieldwork, Value of Fieldwork and Steps for a Successful Fieldwork Value of Fieldwork Steps for a Successful Fieldwork