Advanced Display Technology: Next Generation Self-Emitting Displays

Description

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the AMOLED technologies and applications which have become industry standard in a range of devices, from small mobile displays to large televisions. Unlike other books on the topic, which cover the fundamentals, materials, processing, and manufacturing of OLEDs, this one-stop book discusses the core components, such as TFT backplanes, OLED materials and devices, and driving schematics together in one volume with chapters written by experts from leading international companies in the field of OLED materials and OLED TVs. It also examines emerging areas, such as micro-LEDs, displays using quantum dots, and AR & VR displays. Presenting the latest research trends as well as the basic principles of each topic, this book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students taking display-related courses, new researchers, and engineers in related fields. Contents About the Editors Phosphorescent OLEDs for Power-Efficient Displays 1 Introduction 2 Design of Highly Efficient OLED Devices 2.1 Device Operation 2.2 Components of an OLED Stack 3 Properties of Phosphorescent Materials 3.1 Photophysical Processes in Phosphorescent Materials 3.2 Excited-State Characteristics for Phosphorescent Materials 3.3 Color Tuning of Phosphorescent Emitters 4 Cyclometallated Complexes for Efficient PHOLEDs 4.1 Ir(III) Complexes 4.2 Pt(II) Complexes 5 Summary and Outlook References TADF and Hyperfluorescence 1 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 2 TADF (Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence) 3 Hyperfluorescence 4 TADF Molecules 4.1 Design Principles of TADF Molecules 4.2 Classification of Typical TADF Molecules 4.3 Intramolecular TADF Type 4.4 Soluble TADF Materials References Small Molecules in Ink Jet Printed OLEDs—History, Status, and Prospects 1 OLED Deposition Technologies 2 Material Requirements for Ink Jet Printing 2.1 Ink-substrate interaction 2.2 Fluorescent Blue 2.3 Phosphorescence Red and Green 2.4 Top Emission Performance 3 Outlook References Solution-Processible OLED Material: Based on Conjugated Polymer Technology 1 Introduction 2 Polymer OLED 2.1 Development History 2.2 Characteristics of Polymer OLED Materials 2.3 Features of Polymer OLED 2.4 Polymer OLED Performance: Emission Efficiency 2.5 Polymer OLED Performance: Emission Color 2.6 Polymer OLED Performance: Device Operating Lifetime 2.7 Features of OLED Printing 2.8 Current Design of Polymer OLED Materials 2.9 Current Performance of Polymer OLEDs 2.10 Next Direction of R&D 2.11 Future Perspectives 3 Conclusion References Chemical Mechanisms of Intrinsic Degradation of Emitting Layers in Organic Light-Emitting Devices 1 Introduction 2 Types of Defects 3 Chemical Mechanisms of Defect Formation 3.1 Unimolecular Degradation Mechanism 3.2 Bimolecular Degradation Mechanism 4 Conclusions References Encapsulation Technology for Flexible OLEDs 1 Introduction 2 Encapsulation Barrier Technologies 2.1 Dark Spots and Defects in OLEDs 2.2 Thin-Film Encapsulation 2.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 2.4 Measurement Methods 2.5 ALD-Based Multi-barrier 3 Flexible and Reliable Thin Film Encapsulation 3.1 TFE Mechanical Failure 3.2 Neutral Axis Engineering for TFE 3.3 Nano-stratified Structure TFE 4 Conclusion References Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for OLED Displays 1 High-Performance Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors 1.1 TFT Configuration and Fabrication Process 1.2 TFT Optimization 1.3 Beyond the IGZO and SiO2 Stack 2 Reliability of Amorphous Oxide TFTs 3 Summary and Outlook References Pixel Circuits for OLED Displays 1 The Need for OLED Pixel Circuit 1.1 OLED Driving in a Display 1.2 Role of the OLED Pixel Circuit 1.3 TFT-to-OLED Connection Structure 2 Operating Principles of OLED Pixel Circuit 2.1 In-Pixel Compensation 2.2 Ext-Panel Compensation 3 Examples of OLED Pixel Circuit 3.1 7T-1C-6L PMOS Diode-Connection Pixel Circuit 3.2 4T-2C-6L NMOS Source-Follower Pixel Circuit 3.3 6T-1C-7L LTPO Diode-Connection Pixel Circuit 4 Limitations of In-Pixel Compensation Circuits 4.1 Current Uniformity Versus VT Extraction Time 4.2 Low Grey-Level Mura Versus Dimming Method References Large-Size OLED TVs with White OLED 1 Introduction 2 White Organic Light-Emitting Devices 2.1 Two-Stack Tandem WOLEDs 2.2 Three-Stack Tandem WOLEDs 3 Display Transformation with OLEDs 4 Top-Emitting White OLEDs and Display Application 4.1 Microcavity Top-Emitting White OLED Devices 4.2 Non-microcavity Top-Emitting White OLED Devices 4.3 Transparent OLED Display 5 Conclusion References Quantum Dot-Enabled Displays 1 Introduction 1.1 Commercial History 1.2 Quantum Dots as Emitters 1.3 Benefit of QDs in Displays 2 QD-Enhanced LCD Backlight Displays 2.1 Overview 2.2 Technology Status 2.3 Market for the Quantum Dot LCDs Today 3 QD Color Conversion 3.1 Overview 3.2 Technology Status 3.3 Applications 4 Electroluminescent QD Displays 4.1 Overview 4.2 Status 4.3 Efficiency 4.4 Lifetime 4.5 Challenges 5 Conclusions and Outlook References Electroluminescence Devices with Colloidal Quantum Dots 1 Introduction of Quantum Dot Based Display Applications 2 QD-Based Electroluminescence Device (QD-LED) 2.1 General Description of QD-LED 2.2 Operation Mechanism of QD-LED 2.3 QD Emissive Materials 2.4 QD-LED Structure 3 Perspectives on Future Quantum Dot Displays 3.1 Recent Progress in Cd-Free QD-LEDs 3.2 QD Patterning for Display Applications 4 Summary References Micro-LED Technology for Display Applications 1 Introduction 1.1 The Micro-LED Market and Application Forecast 1.2 Development of Micro-LED-Based Displays 2 Issues Concerning Micro-LED Development 2.1 Micro-LED Development Status 2.2 Efficiency of Micro-LEDs 2.3 The Current Status of Technological Development for Solving the Problems of Micro-LED Efficiency 3 LED Transfer Technology 3.1 The Pick-and-Place Transfer Method 3.2 Monolithic Transfer (Monolithic Integration and Hybridization) 3.3 Chip Manufacturing—LED Inspection and Replacement 4 Conclusions References Display Techniques for Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 1 Virtual Reality Display 2 Reflective Augmented Reality Display 3 Waveguide-Based Head-Mounted Displays 4 Pin-Light Augmented Reality Display 5 Light Field Display 6 Sensor and Display Techniques 7 Summary References