A-Level Economics

Description

Contents......Page 4 An Introduction to Economics......Page 7 The Economic Problem......Page 8 The Economic Problem......Page 9 Production Possibility Frontiers......Page 10 Production Possibility Frontiers......Page 11 Markets and Economies......Page 12 Markets and Economies......Page 13 Economic Objectives......Page 14 Economic Objectives......Page 15 Behavioural Economics......Page 16 Behavioural Economics......Page 17 Demand......Page 18 Demand......Page 19 Price, Income and Cross Elasticities of Demand......Page 20 Price, Income and Cross Elasticities of Demand......Page 21 Uses of Elasticities of Demand......Page 22 Uses of Elasticities of Demand......Page 23 Supply......Page 24 Supply......Page 25 Price Elasticity of Supply......Page 26 Price Elasticity of Supply......Page 27 Market Equilibrium......Page 28 Market Equilibrium......Page 29 Price and the Allocation of Resources......Page 30 Consumer and Producer Surplus......Page 31 Subsidies and Indirect Taxes......Page 32 Subsidies and Indirect Taxes......Page 33 Demand and Supply — Agriculture......Page 34 Demand and Supply — Agriculture......Page 35 Demand and Supply — Oil......Page 36 Demand and Supply — Oil......Page 37 Demand and Supply — Housing......Page 38 Demand and Supply — Transport......Page 39 Production and Productivity......Page 40 Specialisation......Page 41 The Costs of a Firm......Page 42 The Costs of a Firm......Page 43 The Law of Diminishing Returns......Page 44 The Law of Diminishing Returns......Page 45 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale......Page 46 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale......Page 47 Long Run Average Cost......Page 48 Returns to Scale......Page 49 The Revenue of a Firm......Page 50 The Revenue of a Firm......Page 51 Profit......Page 52 Profit......Page 53 The Objectives of Firms......Page 54 The Objectives of Firms......Page 55 Why Firms Grow......Page 56 Why Firms Grow......Page 57 Business Growth and Demergers......Page 58 Business Growth and Demergers......Page 59 Perfect Competition......Page 60 Perfect Competition......Page 61 Perfect Competition......Page 62 Perfect Competition......Page 63 Barriers to Entry......Page 64 Barriers to Entry......Page 65 Monopolies......Page 66 Monopolies......Page 67 Price Discrimination......Page 68 Price Discrimination......Page 69 Oligopolies......Page 70 Oligopolies......Page 71 Interdependence in Oligopolistic Markets......Page 72 Interdependence in Oligopolistic Markets......Page 73 Monopolistic Competition......Page 74 Monopolistic Competition......Page 75 Contestability......Page 76 Contestability......Page 77 Externalities......Page 78 Externalities......Page 79 Externalities......Page 80 Externalities......Page 81 Merit and Demerit Goods......Page 82 Merit and Demerit Goods......Page 83 Public Goods......Page 84 Public Goods......Page 85 Imperfect Information......Page 86 Inequity......Page 87 Immobile Factors of Production......Page 88 Market Failure in Monopolies......Page 89 Environmental Market Failure......Page 90 Environmental Market Failure......Page 91 Taxation......Page 92 Taxation......Page 93 Subsidies......Page 94 Price Controls......Page 95 Buffer Stocks......Page 96 State Provision......Page 97 Privatisation, Regulation and Deregulation......Page 98 Privatisation, Regulation and Deregulation......Page 99 Competition Policy......Page 100 Competition Policy......Page 101 Cost Benefit Analysis......Page 102 Cost Benefit Analysis......Page 103 Other Methods of Intervention......Page 104 Other Methods of Intervention......Page 105 Government Failure......Page 106 Government Failure......Page 107 Examples of Government Failure......Page 108 Examples of Government Failure......Page 109 Labour Demand......Page 110 Labour Demand......Page 111 Labour Supply......Page 112 Labour Supply......Page 113 Wages......Page 114 Wages......Page 115 Trade Unions......Page 116 Trade Unions......Page 117 Discrimination......Page 118 Discrimination......Page 119 Imperfections......Page 120 Imperfections......Page 121 Labour Market Characteristics......Page 122 Labour Market Characteristics......Page 123 Minimum, Maximum and Living Wages......Page 124 Minimum, Maximum and Living Wages......Page 125 Labour Force Flexibility......Page 126 Pensions an Participation Rates......Page 127 Taxes, Benefits and Legislation......Page 128 Migration......Page 129 Measuring Economic Growth......Page 130 Measuring Economic Growth......Page 131 Measuring Inflation......Page 132 Measuring Inflation......Page 133 Measuring Unemployment......Page 134 Measuring the Balance of Payments......Page 135 Measuring Development......Page 136 Measuring Development......Page 137 The Circular Flow of Income......Page 138 The Circular Flow of Income......Page 139 The Components of Aggregate Demand......Page 140 The Components of Aggregate Demand......Page 141 The Components of Aggregate Demand......Page 142 The Components of Aggregate Demand......Page 143 Aggregate Demand Analysis......Page 144 Aggregate Demand Analysis......Page 145 Aggregate Demand Analysis......Page 146 Aggregate Demand Analysis......Page 147 Aggregate Supply......Page 148 Aggregate Supply......Page 149 Macroeconomic Equilibrium......Page 150 Macroeconomic Equilibrium......Page 151 Economic Growth......Page 152 Economic Growth......Page 153 Economic Growth......Page 154 Economic Growth......Page 155 Economic Instability......Page 156 Economic Instability......Page 157 Unemployment......Page 158 Unemployment......Page 159 Inflation......Page 160 Inflation......Page 161 The Balance of Payments......Page 162 The Balance of Payments......Page 163 The Balance of Payments......Page 164 The Balance of Payments......Page 165 Other Economic Policy Objectives......Page 166 Other Economic Policy Objectives......Page 167 Conflicts Between Economic Objectives......Page 168 Conflicts Between Economic Objectives......Page 169 Tackling Unemployment and Inflation......Page 170 Tackling Unemployment and Inflation......Page 171 Tackling Unemployment and Inflation......Page 172 Inequality and Poverty......Page 173 Inequality and Poverty......Page 174 Government Policies to Tackle Poverty......Page 175 Fiscal Policy......Page 176 Fiscal Policy......Page 177 Fiscal Policy......Page 178 Fiscal Policy......Page 179 Average and Marginal Tax Rates......Page 180 Monetary Policy......Page 181 Monetary Policy......Page 182 Monetary Policy......Page 183 Supply-side Policies......Page 184 Supply-side Policies......Page 185 Different Approaches to Macroeconomic Policy......Page 186 Different Approaches to Macroeconomic Policy......Page 187 Different Approaches to Macroeconomic Policy......Page 188 Different Approaches to Macroeconomic Policy......Page 189 The Financial Sector and Financial Markets......Page 190 The Financial Sector and Financial Markets......Page 191 Banks and Money......Page 192 Banks and Money......Page 193 Banking and Interest Rates......Page 194 Banking and Interest Rates......Page 195 Financial Market Failure......Page 196 Financial Market Failure......Page 197 The Role of the Central Bank......Page 198 The Role of the Central Bank......Page 199 Regulation of Financial Markets......Page 200 Regulation of Financial Markets......Page 201 Globalisation......Page 202 Globalisation......Page 203 Costs and Benefits of Globalisation......Page 204 Costs and Benefits of Globalisation......Page 205 Trade......Page 206 Trade......Page 207 Trade......Page 208 Trade......Page 209 Free Trade, Protectionism and the WTO......Page 210 Free Trade, Protectionism and the WTO......Page 211 Free Trade, Protectionism and the WTO......Page 212 Free Trade, Protectionism and the WTO......Page 213 Patterns of Trade......Page 214 Economic Integration......Page 215 The European Union......Page 216 The European Union......Page 217 Exchange Rates......Page 218 Exchange Rates......Page 219 Exchange Rates......Page 220 International Competitiveness......Page 221 International Competitiveness......Page 222 International Competitiveness......Page 223 Measures of Economic Development......Page 224 Measures of Economic Development......Page 225 Limits to Growth and Development......Page 226 Limits to Growth and Development......Page 227 Ways of Promoting Growth and Development......Page 228 Ways of Promoting Growth and Development......Page 229 Ways of Promoting Growth and Development......Page 230 Ways of Promoting Growth and Development......Page 231 Ways of Promoting Growth and Development......Page 232 Sustainable Development......Page 233 Get Marks in Your Exam......Page 234 Get Marks in Your Exam......Page 235 What to Expect in the Exams......Page 236 Sample Questions and Worked Answers......Page 237 Sample Questions and Worked Answers......Page 238 Sample Questions and Worked Answers......Page 239 Answers — Section Two......Page 240 Answers — Section Three......Page 241 Answers — Section Four......Page 242 Answers — Section Five......Page 243 Answers — Section Six......Page 244 Answers — Section Seven......Page 245 Answers — Section Nine......Page 247 Answers — Section Ten......Page 248 Answers — Section Eleven......Page 249 Answers — Section Twelve......Page 250 Answers — Section Thirteen......Page 251 Answers — Section Fourteen......Page 252 Glossary......Page 253 Glossary......Page 254 Glossary......Page 255 Index......Page 256 Index......Page 257 Index......Page 258