Chemical Analysis for Forensic Evidence

Description

Chemical Analysis for Forensic Evidence provides readers with the fundamental framework of forensic analytical chemistry, describing the entire process, from crime scene investigation to evidence sampling, laboratory analysis, quality aspects, and reporting and testifying in court. In doing so, important principles and aspects are demonstrated through the various forensic expertise areas in which analytical chemistry plays a key role, including illicit drugs, explosives, toxicology, fire debris analysis and microtraces such as gunshot residues, glass and fibers. This book illuminates the underlying practical framework that governs how analytical chemistry is used in practice by forensic experts to solve crime. Arian van Asten utilizes a hands-on approach with numerous questions, examples, exercises and illustrations to help solidify key concepts and teach them in an engaging way. Front Cover Chemical Analysis for Forensic Evidence Chemical Analysis for: Forensic Evidence Copyright Contents About the author Preface Acknowledgments Disclaimer: Reader guideline Learning objectives 1 - An introduction to forensic analytical chemistry 1.1 What will you learn? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Questions of interest to a legal system 1.4 Forensic science principles Further reading 2 - Analytical chemistry in the forensic laboratory 2.1 What will you learn? 2.2 Analytical chemistry in the forensic laboratory 2.3 Forensic expertise areas Illicit drugs Forensic toxicology Fire debris and ignitable liquids analysis Explosions and explosives Microtraces: gunhot residues Microtraces: glass, paint, and fibers Forensic environmental investigations Fingermarks Questioned documents Crime scene investigation Further reading 3 - Sampling and sample preparation 3.1 What will you learn? 3.2 Sampling and sample preparation in analytical chemistry 3.3 Statistical sampling protocols: how many samples do we analyze? 3.4 Sample preparation: ignitable liquid residue sampling in fire debris analysis Further reading 4 - Qualitative analysis and the selectivity dilemma 4.1 What will you learn? 4.2 Qualitative analysis in forensic chemistry 4.3 Chemical identification of illicit drugs 4.4 The NPS challenge: addressing the selectivity dilemma Further reading 5- Quantitative analysis and the legal limit dilemma 5.1 What will you learn? 5.2 Quantitative analysis in forensic chemistry 5.3 Forensic toxicology: trace level quantitation of small molecules in complex biomatrices Single quad mass spectrometer Ion trap mass spectrometer Triple quad mass spectrometer Time of flight mass spectrometer Orbitrap mass spectrometer Hyphenated systems Sample preparation LC separation MS analysis 5.4 Measurement uncertainty: addressing the legal limit dilemma 6 - Chemical profiling, databases, and evidential value 6.1 What will you learn? 6.2 Criminalistics is the science of individualization 6.3 A chemical impurity profiling method for the organic explosive TNT 6.4 Bayes theory and the likelihood ratio 6.5 Building a score-based model for the forensic comparison of chemical impurity profiles Further reading 7 - Forensic reconstruction through chemical analysis 7.1 What will you learn? 7.2 Forensic explosives investigation 7.3 Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) 7.4 Chemical profiling and synthesis reconstruction of TATP with IRMS 7.5 Human provenancing: you are what you eat and drink Further reading 8 - From data to forensic insight using chemometrics 8.1 What will you learn? 8.2 Library match scores and ROC curves 8.3 Exploring NPS EI mass spectra with PCA 8.4 Differentiating NPS isomers with PCA-LDA of EI mass spectra 8.5 The use of chemometric methods in forensic chemistry Principal component (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) Support vector machine (SVM) Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) k nearest neighbors (k-NN) Further reading 9 - Quality and chain of custody 9.1 What will you learn? 9.2 Ensuring quality in forensic expertise 9.3 Ensuring quality of the forensic investigation Daubert standard Daubert criteria Values Management Scope Personnel Infrastructure Chain of custody Validation, quality control and measurement uncertainty Audits, incident handling and complaint procedures Peer review Quality documentation and information management 9.4 Quality through forensic networks, the importance of ENFSI and OSAC Further reading 10 - Reporting in the criminal justice system 10.1 What will you learn? 10.2 ISO 17025 reporting standards 10.3 Ways to raise forensic understanding in the criminal justice system 10.4 Bayes, verbal conclusions, ``popular'' fallacies, and the hierarchy of propositions 10.5 Reporting forensic analytical chemistry investigations 10.6 A template for a forensic case work report Case information Requested forensic investigation Hypotheses Evidence items received Evidence items to be investigated Forensic investigation Findings Interpretation of the findings Conclusions Appendix Further reading 11 - Innovating forensic analytical chemistry 11.1 What will you learn? 11.2 Five reasons to innovate 11.3 How to stimulate and organize forensic science and innovation 11.4 Advancing forensic analytical chemistry Innovation theme ``More from less'' Innovation theme ``From source to activity'' Innovation theme ``Bringing chemical analysis to the scene'' 11.5 The end of a journey Further reading Exercises Exam questions without answers Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Exam questions with answers Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Copyright and image licenses Abbreviations Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Back Cover