Phytotechnology with Biomass Production: Sustainable Management of Contaminated Sites

Description

This book explains the concept of using phytotechnology with biomass production to improve soil quality and restore contaminated sites to a useful state that has economic and social value. Phytotechnology with Biomass Production: Sustainable Management of Contaminated Sites focuses on the application of second-generation biofuel crops, primarily Miscanthus, to slightly contaminated or marginal postmilitary and postmining soils. Based on recent and ongoing research from the United States, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Germany, along with case studies from other countries, this is the first comprehensive book on using phytotechnology with biomass production at contaminated sites at a global level. FEATURES Focuses on an important topic of a growing global activity: soil improvement through biomass production Includes case studies and success stories from different countries on application of Miscanthus phytotechnology to sites differently contaminated by trace elements, pesticides, and petroleum products Discusses the peculiarities of Miscanthus production on postmilitary and postmining contaminated lands and the impact of plant growth regulators, soil amendments, fertilizers, and biochar to the process Introduces soil fauna as indicators of soil health during Miscanthus phytotechnology application Presents Miscanthus value chain associated with the processing of Miscanthus biomass to different bioproducts While written primarily for faculty, students, research scientists, environmental and agricultural professionals, gardeners, farmers, landowners, and government officials, this book has value for all who are working on phytotechnology projects and phytomining to reduce risk and/or improve soil quality at contaminated sites. Phytotechnology with Biomass Production: Sustainable Management of Contaminated Sites is also a great new resource for those who are new to the topic and want to learn to apply phytotechnologies and biomass production with further conversion into energy and bioproducts. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Editors Contributors 1. Introduction 1.1 Soil Quality 1.1.1 Soil Contamination 1.1.2 Types of Contaminants 1.2 Phytotechnology with Biomass Production 1.3 Miscanthus 1.4 Case Studies References 2. Phytotechnologies for Site Remediation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phytotechnologies 2.3 Phytostabilization of Arable Land Contaminated with Trace Elements 2.4 Bioenergy Crops and Phytostabilization Options 2.5 M. × giganteus as an Effective Phytoagent 2.5.1 Miscanthus Tolerance to Metals and Removal Capacity 2.5.2 Changes in Soil Parameters Induced by Miscanthus Phytoremediation 2.6 Miscanthus Phytotechnology in Action 2.6.1 M. × giganteus Application for Phytoremediation of Trace Elements’ Contaminated Mining Soil, Tekeli, Kazakhstan 2.6.2 M. × giganteus Application for Phytoremediation of Post-Industrial Soil Contaminated with Trace Elements, Bakar, Croatia 2.6.3 Field Study Results, Fort Riley, Kansas, USA 2.7 Conclusions References 3. Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Organic Compounds 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of Organic Contaminants 3.2.1 Remediation of Petroleum Contaminants 3.2.2 Remediation of Explosives 3.2.3 Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 3.2.4 Remediation of Pesticides 3.3 Landfills and Containment 3.4 Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants with Miscanthus References 4. Phytomining Applied for Postmining Sites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Advantages and Limitations of Phytomining 4.3 Field Experiments on Phytomining 4.4 Agronomic Practices 4.5 Economic Viability and Environmental Considerations 4.6 Options for Commercial Application of Phytomining 4.7 Conclusions and Perspectives References 5. Establishing Miscanthus, Production of Biomass, and Application to Contaminated Sites 5.1 Plant Selection and Breeding 5.2 Plant Establishment 5.2.1 Weight 5.2.2 Water 5.2.3 Weeds 5.2.4 Weather 5.3 Site Characterization 5.4 Plant Nutrition and Supplementation 5.5 Role of Soil Amendments 5.5.1 Impact of Soil Amendments on the Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Organic Substances 5.5.2 Impact of Soil Amendments on Miscanthus Production in Postmilitary Soil 5.5.3 Impact of Soil Amendments on Miscanthus Biomass Production in Contaminated Postmining Soil 5.6 Geography and Soil Types 5.7 Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Production of M. × giganteus 5.7.1 Lab Research on Impact of PGRs on Phytoremediation with Biomass Production Using Soils from Military Sites Contaminated with Trace Elements 5.7.2 Field Research on Impact of PGRs on Biomass Parameters of M. × giganteus during Field Production on the Marginal and Slightly Contaminated Lands References 6. Balancing Soil Health and Biomass Production 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Properties of Soils 6.3 Soil Quality 6.4 Soil Health Affects Human Health 6.5 Improving Soil Health Using Phytotechnology 6.6 Conclusions References 7. Plant–Microbe Associations in Phytoremediation 7.1 Role of Plant–Microbe Association in Phytoremediation 7.1.1 Endophytic Bacteria 7.1.2 Rhizobacteria 7.2 Impact of PGPB Isolated from Contaminated Soil to Phytoremediation with Miscanthus 7.3 Influence of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Miscanthus Rhizosphere to Phytoremediation of Trace Elements Contaminated Soil 7.4 Changing of Soil Microbial Communities during Miscanthus Production at the Contaminated Military Land References 8. Plant Feeding Insects and Nematodes Associated with Miscanthus 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Plant Feeding Insects with Piercing-Sucking Mouth Parts 8.2.1 Miscanthus Mealybug 8.2.1.1 Identification 8.2.1.2 Life Cycle 8.2.1.3 Damage 8.2.2 Aphids 8.2.2.1 Identification 8.2.2.2 Life Cycle 8.2.2.3 Damage 8.2.2.4 Identification 8.2.2.5 Life Cycle 8.2.2.6 Damage 8.3 Plant Feeding Insects with Chewing Mouth Parts 8.3.1 Generalist Coleoptera 8.3.1.1 Identification 8.3.1.2 Life Cycle 8.3.1.3 Damage 8.3.2 Generalist Lepidoptera 8.3.2.1 Identification 8.3.2.2 Life Cycle 8.3.2.3 Damage 8.3.3 Generalist Coleopteran 8.3.3.1 Identification 8.3.3.2 Life Cycle 8.3.3.3 Damage 8.4 Plant Feeding Nematodes Associate with M. × giganteus 8.4.1 PPNs − Potential Vector of Plant Viruses 8.4.2 Ecto-, Endoparasites, and Hyphal/Root Feeders 8.4.3 The Indication of M. × giganteus Plantation State with Plant-Feeding Nematodes References 9. Economics of Phytoremediation with Biomass Production 9.1 Introduction to Phytoremediation with Biomass Production 9.2 Sustainable Approach 9.3 Benefits of Remediation 9.4 Motivation for Action 9.5 Economics of Phytoremediation 9.6 Economics of Biomass Production 9.7 Bioeconomy of Miscanthus in Europe 9.8 Conclusions References 10. Miscanthus Biomass for Alternative Energy Production 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Evaluation of Biomass Suitability for Energy 10.3 Bioethanol Production 10.3.1 Physicochemical Pretreatment 10.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation 10.4 Biomethane and Biohydrogen Production 10.5 Thermochemical Conversion 10.5.1 Heat and Power Generation 10.5.2 Bio-Oil and Syngas Production References 11. Miscanthus as Raw Materials for Bio-based Products 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Material Products 11.2.1 Agricultural Products 11.2.1.1 Bedding Applications 11.2.1.2 Mulch Applications 11.2.2 Insulation 11.2.3 Composites, Building Materials, Cement 11.2.4 Composite Materials 11.2.5 Hemicelluloses 11.3 Processing of Miscanthus to Fibers, Pulp, and Papers 11.4 Production of Pulp from M. × giganteus Biomass Produced on Pb-Contaminated Soil References 12. Conclusions and Recommendations 12.1 Conclusions 12.2 Recommendations References Index