Nursing Research and Statistics

Description

Cover Contents Foreword Preface About NRSI About the Contributors Chapter 1 : Introduction to Nursing Researsch Nursing Research: A Perspective Historical Development of Nursing Research Nursing Research Development in USA History of Nursing Research in Europe Nursing Research in India Definition and Meaning Nursing Research Versus Research in Nursing Scientific Method and Research Process Nursing Research and Problem-solving Need and Importance of Nursing Research Validates Nursing as a Profession Refines Existing Knowledge on Nursing Practice Provides Scientific Basis and Demonstrates Accountability to Profession Characteristics of a Good Research Attributes of a Researcher Types of Research Purpose Approach to Research Research Utilization Evidence-Based Practice Importance of Evidence-based Practice in Nursing Determining Best Evidence Integrating the Evidence Evaluating the Effectiveness Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 2 : Research Process Introduction Research Process Phases and Steps in Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Steps in Qualitative Research Sampling in Qualitative Research Sampling Methods Used in Qualitative Research Methods of Data Collection in Qualitative Research Recording the Data in Qualitative Research Errors in Data Collection and Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Analyzing Data in Qualitative Research Ensuring Validity of Information in Qualitative Research Evaluation of Results of Qualitative Research Ethical Principles of Qualitative Research Types of Qualitative Research Selecting Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 3 : Research Problem Introduction Research Problem Definitions of Problem Why Define the Research Problem? Selection of a Research Problem: Criteria Characteristics of Good Topics Defining Terms in a Problem Statement Identification and Formulation of Research Problem Research Question Research Objectives Types of Research Objectives Characteristics of Research Objectives Need for Research Objectives Methods of Stating Objectives Variables Types of Variables Dependent Versus Independent Variables Hypothesis Wording the Research Hypothesis Sources of Hypothesis Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Types and Forms of Hypotheses Formulation of a Research Hypothesis Tips on Developing Research Problems and Hypotheses Limitations Theoretical Limitations Methodological Limitations Delimitations Assumptions Assumptions Versus Hypotheses Uses of Assumptions in Research Types of Assumptions Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 4 : Review of Literature Introduction Meaning Definitions Goals of Literature Review Importance of Literature Review Purposes of Review of Literature Literature Review for Research Purposes For Non-research Purposes Literature Review in Quantitative and Qualitative Research In Quantitative Research In Qualitative Research Types of Literature Reviews Literature Review and Research Process Problem Statement and Hypothesis Study Variables Theoretical Framework Design and Method Data Analysis Techniques Findings, Implications, and Recommendations Components of Review of Literature Skills Required in Review of Literature Literature Review Process Steps of Literature Review Selecting a Review Topic Searching the Literature Analysing and Synthesizing the Literature Writing the Review References Critiquing the Literature Review Ethical Consideration in Literature Review Summary Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 5 : Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks Introduction What is a Theory? Definitions Elements of a Theory Components of a Theory Role and Functions of Theory in Research Defining Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Hypotheses, Definitions, and Empirical Referents or Indicators Concepts Constructs Propositions Hypotheses Definitions Empirical Referents or Indicators What is Nursing Theory? Meaning Development of Nursing Theory Paradigm Types of Theories Models Conceptual Model Conceptual Map Frameworks Meaning and Definitions Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Study Framework Differences among Theoretical, Conceptual, and Study Frameworks Basics to Framework for Research Deductive Approach Inductive Approach Nature of Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks Purposes of Having Framework Developing Theoretical and Conceptual or Study Frameworks Developing and Defining Concepts Developing Relational Statements Developing Hierarchical Statement Sets Constructing a Conceptual Map Checklist to Evaluate Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 6 : Ethics in Research Introduction Historical Background Importance of Ethical Considerations in Research Risk to Study Subjects in Quantitative Research or Clinical Trials Ethics in Qualitative Research Risks to the Participants in Qualitative Research Anxiety and Distress Identification of the Participant by Self or Others Misrepresentation Inconvenience and Opportunity Costs Code of Ethics in Nursing Sciences Ethical Principles Definition Principles Code of Ethics for Nurses in India (Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, Indian Nursing Council) Introduction Purposes Uses of the Code Code of Ethics for Nurses in India Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in India Vulnerable Individuals Ethical Issues Ways to Improve Attention Towards Ethical Issues in Planning and Conduct of Research Analysis or Evaluation of Risk/Benefit Ratio by the Researcher Major Potential Benefits to Participants Major Potential Risks to Participants Risk and Benefits (Algorithm)Predict Informed Consent Ethics Committee or Institution Review Boards Role of Ethics Committee Rights and Responsibilities of Researchers and Institutions Relationship between Researchers and institutions Protection and Promotion of Integrity in Research Relationship among Researchers Data Sharing Ethical Dilemmas for Nurses Guidelines for Criticizing Ethical Aspect of a Research Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 7 : Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches and Designs Introduction Quantitative Research Approach What is Quantitative Research? Review of the Terms Relevant to Quantitative Research Type and Designs of Quantitative Research Control in Quantitative Research Steps in Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Approach Philosophical View of Qualitative Research Approach Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design Phases of Qualitative Research Approach Importance of Qualitative Research Types of Qualitative Research Factors Affecting Selection of Research Design Critiquing Research Design Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 8 : Population,Sampling and Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Research Introduction Definition of Qualitative Research Why to Use a Qualitative Methodology? Distinct Characteristics of Qualitative Research Population, Samples, and Sampling Sampling Strategies for Qualitative Researchers The Logic of Qualitative Sampling Types of Qualitative Sampling Types of Purposeful Sampling Deciding When to Stop Sampling Conclusion Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 9 : Population and Sampling in Quantitative Studies Introduction Basic Terms Used in Sampling Population Target and Accessible Population Eligibility Criteria Sample and Sampling Element Strata Sample Size Sampling Bias Sampling Error Selection Bias Sampling Frame Sample Selection Strategy Sampling Designs Classification of Sampling Non-probability Sampling Probability Sampling Steps in Sampling of Quantitative Studies Identify the Population Specify the Eligibility Criteria Specify the Sampling Plan Recruit the Sample Guidelines for Critiquing the Sampling Designs Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 10 : Development of Research Tool Introduction Data Collection Concept Data Collection Instruments Steps in Developing a Research Tool Standardized Tools Used in Nursing Studies Self-Report Schedule or Questionnaire General Form and Sections Sequence of Questions Language and Question Formation Closed- and Open-ended Questions Qualities of a Good Questionnaire Interview Schedule Types of Interview Schedules Differences Between Questionnaire and Interview Schedule Advantages of Interviews Tips for Developing a Questionnaire or Interview Schedule Observation as a Method of Data Collection Types of Observations Event and Time Sampling Drawbacks of Observation Method Methods to Prepare an Observation Checklist Rating Scales Reliability and Validity of Research Tools Reliability of Measurement Instruments Validity of the Research Instrument Procedure for Data Collection Sources of Data Collection of Data Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 11 : Data Analysis and Interpretation Research Data Analysis Variables Unit of Analysis Types of Data What is Data Analysis? Data Measurement Levels of Measurement Steps in Data Analysis Data Preparation Describing the Data Testing Hypotheses Descriptive Statistics Measures to Condense Data Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability or Dispersion Measures of Relationship (Multivariate) Inferential Statistics Purposes of Inferential Statistics Principles of Hypothesis Testing Parametric and Non-parametric Statistical Tests: Classification of Inferential Statistics Choosing Correct Statistical Tests Advanced Statistical Methods Multiple Regression Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) Canonical Correlation Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Meta-analysis Analysis of Qualitative Data Types of Qualitative Research Forms of Data Tools Used for Qualitative Data Collection and Method of Data Analysis Qualitative Data Processing Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis What is Generalization Presentation of Data Basic Principles of Data Presentation (ABCDE Principles) Common Methods of Data Presentation Conclusion Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 12 : Critique of Nursing Research Studies Introduction Meaning and Concepts of Critique Meaning of Critique Concepts of Critique Purposes of Nursing Research Critique Types of Critique Process of Conducting a Research Critique Comprehension Comparison Analysis Evaluation Steps in Conducting Nursing Research Critique Critiquing Quantitative Research Studies Elements of Research Critique Guidelines for Critiquing Quantitative Research Studies in Nursing Critiquing Qualitative Research Design Key points Questions Further Reading Chapter 13 : Communication of Research Results:Oral and Written Introduction Strategies Adopted for Communicating Research Results Oral Presentations Written Reports Oral Communication of Research Results Presentations at Professional Conferences Written Communication of Research Results Quantitative Research Report Communication Qualitative Research Reports Types of Written Research Reports Theses and Dissertations Traditional Journal Articles Electronic Publication Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 14 : Research Utilization and Evidence-based Nursing Practice Introduction Elements of Research Utilization (RU) Summarizing Research Knowledge Communicating Research Knowledge Achieving Desired Outcomes in Health Care System Research Utilization and Evidence-based Practice (EBP) Research Utilization Continuum Types of Research Utilization Research Utilization in Qualitative Research Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory Model Research Utilization in Nursing Practice Steps in Research Utilization Evidence-based Practice Overview of Evidence-based Practice Movement Types of Evidence and Evidence Hierarchies Barriers to Research Utilization Research-related Barriers Nurse-related Barriers Organizational Barriers Barriers Related to the Nursing Profession The Process of Using Research in Nursing Practice Models for Evidence-based Nursing Practice Key Points Questions Further Reading Chapter 15 : Fundamentals of Statistics Introduction Basic Concepts and Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability (Dispersion) Normal Distribution Measures of Relationship Inferential Statistics and Its Applications in Nursing Research Error in Testing Parametric Tests Design of Experiment Non-parametric Tests Statistical Packages and Its Applications in Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Microsoft Excel SPSS SAS Minitab The SPSS Environment Data Editor The Output Viewer Steps to be Followed for Data Analysis Using the SPSS Microsoft Excel Data Entry on the Worksheet Calculations on the Worksheet Built-in Functions for Quick Use Key Points Questions Further Reading Appendix: Statistical Tables Glossary Index