Natural Gas Installations and Networks in Buildings

Description

This book covers theoretical foundations of the Natural Gas (NG) installations and networks as a part of building logistic system, illustrated with digital examples. It describes the NG oxidation phenomena and appropriate energy converting devices used in the building’s energy centres and basic sizing principals of the related pipe networks. Further, it covers usage of NG devices including system for thermal comfort control, building ventilation, indoor air quality, visual comfort, food preparation and conservation, and hygiene maintenance system. A special attention is given to applications of the NG technological equipment, using gas-driven heat pumps, micro heat and power systems. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in the areas of HVAC, Plumbing, Architecture, Electricians, this book: Presents complex, innovative and systematical approach to NG installations in buildings. Reviews efficient and environmentally sustainable dementalization approach to building energy supply, using NGmHps v/s central energy supply systems. Explains pre-designating calculations of the gas piping networks. Illustrates structures, principals of operation and building project implementations of the modern GN energy converters and transformers as fuel cells (SOFC, MOFC, PEFC) and NG driven heat pumps. Discusses calculation methods derived from professional case studies. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword About the Author Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Gas Pipe Networks and Systems as Elements of the Building Logistics 1.2. Fuel Gas, Current State and Perspectives Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations of Gas Pipe Networks and Installations 2.1. Physiomechanical Properties of Fuel Gas as a Primary Energy Source 2.2. Transmission Parameters of Fuel Gas 2.2.1. Operational Pressure 2.2.2. Pressure Drop 2.3. Basic Terms and Laws 2.3.1. Gas Flow Rate and Thermal Power The Link between Gas Flow Rate and Decrease of Gas-Dynamic Losses – Kirchhoff's Law for Gas Pipe Networks 2.3.2. Law of Continuity 2.3.3. Law of Balance between Intake Flow Rate and Exhaust Flow Rate at a Knot 2.3.4. Bernoulli's Principle (for Real Fluids) 2.3.5. Law the of Gas-Dynamic Head in a Closed Loop 2.3.6. Darcy's Law (Concerning Gas-Dynamic Losses of Pressure in Linear Pipeline Sections) 2.3.7. Calculation of the Parameters of Natural Gas – Examples 2.4. Fuel Gas Thermodynamics 2.4.1. Law of Gas State 2.4.2. Charles's Law 2.4.3. Boyle's Law 2.4.4. Graham's Law for Gas Diffusion 2.5. Fuel Gas Combustion 2.5.1. Complete Combustion of Methane 2.5.2. Incomplete Combustion of Methane 2.5.3. Controlled Oxidation of Methane 2.5.4. Fuel Cell Classification and Characteristics. Advantages and Disadvantages 2.5.5. Fuel Gas Cells in Household Micro-Cogeneration Systems (mHPS) 2.5.6. Technical Characteristics of mHPS 2.6. Gas Flame and Combustion Devices 2.7. A Flameless Combustion of Fuel Gas and Combustion Devices Chapter 3: Gas Supply of Urbanized Regions 3.1. Territorial (State) Pipe Network of Gas Transport 3.2. Urban and Regional Gas Networks Classification Structure 3.2.1. Classification of Urban Gas-Distributing Networks 3.3. Decentralization of Building Power Supply Energy Centers 3.3.1. Gas Supply of Buildings Types of Gas-Supplied Energy Centers (GEC) of Buildings. Classification 3.3.2. Structure of the Gas Regulating Station in an EC 3.3.3. Gas Boiler/mHPS Room 3.3.3.1. Structure of EC with Gas Water Heaters/mHPS Station (Boiler Room) 3.3.3.2. General Requirements. Operative and Indoor Environment of the Boiler Rooms. Calculation of Warehouse Gas Amount 3.4. Systems Exhausting Gas Waste 3.4.1. Open System Exhausting Gas Combustion Products via Natural Convection 3.4.2. Open Systems with Forced Convection 3.4.3. Centralized Systems Exhausting Gas Combustion Products by Means of Forced Convection 3.4.3.1. Modular Systems 3.4.3.2. Apartment Systems 3.4.4. Releasing Devices (Terminals) Installed on the Building Envelope 3.4.4.1. Terminals Installed on Roof Structures 3.4.4.2. Terminals Installed on Facades 3.5. Design of a Pipe Network 3.5.1. Structure of Gas Pipe Networks in Residential and Public Buildings 3.5.2. Calculation of Pipe Networks 3.5.2.1. Pipe Network Preliminary Calculation 3.5.2.2. Final Pipe Network Calculation by the Estimation of the Gas-Dynamic Pressure Losses in Pipes Supplying the Remotest End Users and Knowing Pipe Network Geometry and Topology Chapter 4: Main Building Systems Operating with Fuel Gas 4.1. System For Thermal Comfort Control 4.1.1. Need for Thermal Comfort and Accessible Levels of Thermal Loads of Occupied Areas 4.1.2. Classification of Systems Providing Thermal Comfort 4.1.2.1. "Water-Air" Fuel Gas Systems 4.1.2.2. Convective Systems “Gas-Air” 4.1.2.3. Radiant Heating Systems "Gas-Air" 4.1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas Radiant Heating Installations 4.2. Gas Equipment and Control of Indoor Air Quality 4.2.1. Indoor Air Quality and Methods of Its Attainment 4.2.2. Building Ventilation and IAQ 4.2.3. Gas Equipment and Building Ventilation 4.3. System For Visual Comfort and Gas Appliances (Gas Lamps) 4.3.1. Visual Comfort in Buildings 4.3.2. Visual Comfort-Gas Lighting Fixtures 4.3.3. Design Steps in the Calculation of a Visual Control System 4.4. Gas Equipment in a System for Food Preparation and Conservation 4.4.1. A System for Food Preparation and Conservation 4.4.2. Household Kitchens and Gas Appliances 4.4.3. Commercial Kitchen Arrangement 4.4.3.1. Ventilation of Commercial Kitchens 4.4.3.2. Design of Local Canopy Ventilation 4.5. Hygiene Maintenance Systems(Domestic Hot Water System) 4.5.1. Structure of a Hygiene Maintenance System 4.5.2. Gas Water Heaters of a Hygiene Maintenance System 4.5.2.1. Rating of Heat Generators in a Hygiene Maintaining System 4.5.3. Combined Schemes of Water Heating in Systems for Hygiene Maintenance 4.5.4. Gas Dryers in Systems for Hygiene Maintenance 4.5.5. Calculation of Hygiene Maintenance Systems 4.5.5.1. Water Heater 4.5.5.2. Recirculation Pump 4.6. Gas Heat Pumps In Engineering Installations of Buildings 4.6.1. Heat Pumps Principle of Action 4.6.2. Gas Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps 4.6.3. Operation of a Gas Heat Pump 4.6.4. Heat Pumps Driven by Natural Gas and Available on the Market – an Investment Point of View 4.7. Necessity of Increasing the Share of Gas Devices in a Building 4.7.1. Gas Micro-Cogenerating Systems in Domestic Autonomous Energy Centers 4.7.2. Importance of Gas Micro-Cogenerating Systems for the National Energy Strategy Chapter 5: Conclusions and Acknowledgment Appendix References