Principles of Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children (7th Edition)

Description

Cover......Page 1 Brief Contents......Page 3 Title Page ......Page 6 Copyright Page ......Page 7 Dedication......Page 8 About The Authors......Page 10 Thank You......Page 12 Preface......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Contents......Page 24 Pediatric Healthcare Overview......Page 32 Direct Nursing Care......Page 33 Patient Advocacy......Page 34 Evidence-Based Practice......Page 35 Culturally Sensitive Care......Page 36 Mortality......Page 37 Morbidity......Page 38 Healthcare Technology......Page 39 Accountability and Risk Management......Page 40 Informed Consent......Page 42 Child’s Rights Versus Parents’ Rights......Page 43 Ethical Issues......Page 44 Partnering With Families......Page 46 Family and Family Roles......Page 48 Promoting Family-Centered Care......Page 49 Family Composition......Page 50 Family Size......Page 52 Parenting......Page 53 Assessing Parenting Styles......Page 54 Discipline and Limit Setting......Page 55 Divorce and Its Effects on Children......Page 56 Foster Care......Page 57 Adoption......Page 58 Responses by Adopted Children......Page 59 Family Development Theory......Page 60 Family Stress Theory......Page 61 Collecting Data for Family Assessment......Page 62 Family Assessment Tools......Page 63 Cultural Considerations......Page 64 Cultural Assessment......Page 65 Cultural Practices That Influence Health Care......Page 66 Complementary and Alternative Modalities......Page 69 Safety Issues Concerning CAM Therapies......Page 70 Partnering With Families: Meeting the Standard of Genetic Nursing Care Delivery......Page 76 Impact of Genetic Advances on Health Promotion and Health Maintenance......Page 78 Cell Division......Page 79 Genes......Page 80 Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 82 Variability in Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 85 Diagnostic Procedures......Page 86 Quality and Accuracy of Genetic Tests......Page 88 Visions for the Future......Page 94 Principles of Growth and Development......Page 97 Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development......Page 99 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 100 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development......Page 103 Behaviorism......Page 104 Temperament Theory......Page 105 Influences on Development......Page 108 Physical Growth and Development......Page 110 Cognitive Development......Page 111 Psychosocial Development......Page 114 Physical Growth and Development......Page 116 Psychosocial Development......Page 117 Physical Growth and Development......Page 118 Psychosocial Development......Page 120 Cognitive Development......Page 122 Psychosocial Development......Page 123 Psychosocial Development......Page 125 Communication Strategies......Page 129 Data to Be Collected......Page 131 Developmental Approach to the Examination......Page 134 Assessing Skin and Hair Characteristics......Page 136 Palpation of the Skin......Page 137 Palpation of the Hair......Page 138 Inspection of the Head and Face......Page 139 Inspection of the External Eye Structures......Page 140 Inspection of the Tympanic Membrane......Page 143 Hearing Assessment......Page 144 Assessment of Smell......Page 146 Inspection of the Sinuses......Page 147 Inspection of the Mouth......Page 148 Inspection of the Neck......Page 149 Range of Motion Assessment......Page 150 Inspection of the Chest......Page 151 Auscultation of the Chest......Page 153 Percussion of the Chest......Page 154 Palpation of the Precordium......Page 155 Auscultation of the Heart......Page 156 Completing the Heart Examination......Page 157 Auscultation of the Abdomen......Page 158 Assessing the Genital and Perineal Areas for External Structural Abnormalities......Page 159 Inspection of the Male Genitalia......Page 160 Girls......Page 161 Sexual Maturity Timeline......Page 162 Palpation of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints......Page 163 Posture and Spinal Alignment......Page 164 Assessing the Nervous System......Page 165 Cerebellar Function......Page 167 Common Newborn Reflexes......Page 169 Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes......Page 171 Performing an Intermittent Examination......Page 172 Analyzing Data From the Physical Examination......Page 173 6 Introduction to Health Promotion and Maintenance......Page 175 General Concepts......Page 176 Components of Health Promotion/Health Maintenance Visits......Page 178 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant......Page 185 General Observations......Page 186 Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 187 Physical Activity......Page 188 Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 189 Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 191 Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 192 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Toddler and Preschooler......Page 197 Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 198 Nutrition......Page 200 Physical Activity......Page 201 Oral Health......Page 202 Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 203 Relationships......Page 204 Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 205 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the School-Age Child......Page 213 Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 214 Physical Activity......Page 215 Oral Health......Page 217 Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 218 Relationships......Page 220 Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 221 Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 222 Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Adolescent......Page 226 Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 227 Physical Activity......Page 228 Oral Health......Page 229 Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 230 Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 232 Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 233 Community-Based Health Care......Page 238 Nursing Roles in the Office or Healthcare Center Setting......Page 239 Nursing Roles in the Specialty Healthcare Setting......Page 240 Nursing Roles in the School Setting......Page 241 Nursing Roles in the Childcare Setting......Page 242 Nursing Roles in the Home Healthcare Setting......Page 244 Community Assessment......Page 247 Preparation for Disasters......Page 248 Clinical Therapy......Page 249 11 Nursing Considerations for the Hospitalized Child......Page 253 Children’s Understanding of Health and Illness......Page 254 Family Responses to Hospitalization......Page 257 Family Assessment......Page 258 Planned Hospitalization......Page 259 Unexpected Hospitalization......Page 260 Special Units and Types of Care......Page 261 Parental Involvement and Parental Presence......Page 262 Performing the Procedure......Page 263 Preparation for Surgery......Page 265 Therapeutic Play......Page 269 Strategies to Meet Educational Needs......Page 272 Preparing Parents to Act as Case Managers......Page 274 Overview of Chronic Conditions......Page 277 The Child With a Newly Diagnosed Chronic Condition......Page 279 Discharge Planning and Home Care Teaching......Page 280 Coordination of Care......Page 283 Office or Health Center......Page 284 Schools......Page 285 Home Care......Page 288 Life-Threatening Illness or Injury......Page 291 Coping Mechanisms......Page 292 The Family in Crisis......Page 295 Parental Reactions to Life-Threatening Illness or Injury......Page 296 The Siblings’ Experience......Page 299 Brain Death Criteria......Page 300 Withdrawal of or Withholding Treatment......Page 301 Awareness of Dying by Developmental Age......Page 302 Siblings’ Reactions......Page 307 Staff Reactions to the Death of a Child......Page 309 General Nutrition Concepts......Page 312 Infancy......Page 313 Preschool......Page 317 School Age......Page 318 Adolescence......Page 319 Physical and Behavioral Measurement......Page 320 Dietary Intake......Page 321 Childhood Hunger......Page 323 Overweight and Obesity......Page 324 Food Safety......Page 326 Common Dietary Deficiencies......Page 327 Celiac Disease......Page 328 Feeding and Eating Disorders......Page 329 Lactose Intolerance......Page 335 Herbs, Probiotics, and Prebiotics......Page 336 Enteral Therapy......Page 337 Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)......Page 338 Pain......Page 341 Developmental Aspects of Pain Perception, Memory, and Response......Page 342 Cultural Influences on Pain......Page 343 Pain History......Page 345 Pain Assessment Tools......Page 346 Acute Pain......Page 348 Clinical Therapy......Page 349 Nonpharmacologic Methods of Pain Management......Page 353 Clinical Therapy......Page 359 Sedation and Analgesia for Medical Procedures......Page 360 Special Vulnerability of Infants and Children......Page 364 Public Health and Communicable Diseases......Page 365 Immunization......Page 366 Collaborative Care......Page 371 Clinical Manifestations ......Page 379 Emerging Infection Control Threats......Page 395 17 Social and Environmental Influences on the Child......Page 398 Poverty......Page 399 Stress......Page 400 Families......Page 402 Community......Page 403 Culture......Page 404 Tobacco Use......Page 405 Drug Use......Page 407 Injury and Protective Equipment......Page 411 Body Art......Page 413 Sexual Orientation......Page 414 Bullying......Page 415 Domestic Violence......Page 416 Dating Violence......Page 417 Physical Abuse......Page 419 Sexual Abuse......Page 420 Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Factitious Disorder)......Page 424 Environmental Contaminants......Page 425 Poisoning......Page 426 Ingestion of Foreign Objects......Page 429 Lead Poisoning......Page 430 18 Alterations in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 435 Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration)......Page 440 Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess......Page 447 Interstitial Fluid Volume Excess (Edema)......Page 449 Hypernatremia......Page 451 Hyponatremia......Page 453 Hyperkalemia......Page 454 Hypokalemia......Page 456 Hypercalcemia......Page 458 Hypocalcemia......Page 459 Hypomagnesemia......Page 461 Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 463 Respiratory Acidosis......Page 464 Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 466 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 467 Mixed Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 468 Infectious Conjunctivitis......Page 471 Visual Disorders......Page 476 Color Blindness......Page 477 Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 479 Visual Impairment......Page 483 Otitis Media......Page 486 Hearing Impairment......Page 491 Epistaxis......Page 496 Nasopharyngitis......Page 498 Pharyngitis......Page 499 Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis......Page 500 Disorders of the Mouth......Page 502 Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure......Page 505 Foreign-Body Aspiration......Page 509 Respiratory Failure......Page 511 Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE)......Page 512 Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 513 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome......Page 514 Croup Syndromes......Page 516 Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus......Page 519 Pneumonia......Page 522 Tuberculosis......Page 523 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease)......Page 524 Asthma......Page 526 Cystic Fibrosis......Page 537 Smoke-Inhalation Injury......Page 543 Pneumothorax......Page 544 21 Alterations in Cardiovascular Function......Page 549 Clinical Manifestations......Page 553 Clinical Therapy......Page 554 Clinical Manifestations......Page 556 Clinical Therapy......Page 559 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 561 Clinical Manifestations......Page 562 Clinical Therapy......Page 565 Clinical Manifestations......Page 570 Congestive Heart Failure......Page 573 Clinical Therapy......Page 574 Cardiomyopathy......Page 578 Heart Transplantation......Page 580 Infective Endocarditis......Page 581 Acute Rheumatic Fever......Page 582 Kawasaki Disease......Page 583 Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 584 Dyslipidemia......Page 586 Hypovolemic Shock......Page 587 Cardiogenic Shock......Page 590 Commotio Cordis......Page 591 Immunodeficiency Disorders......Page 594 B-Cell and T-Cell Disorders......Page 597 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease......Page 598 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome......Page 600 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 609 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis......Page 612 Allergic Reactions......Page 614 Graft-Versus-Host Disease......Page 616 Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 620 Normocytic Anemia......Page 623 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 624 Hereditary Spherocytosis......Page 632 Hemophilia......Page 633 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 635 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 636 24 The Child With Cancer......Page 641 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 644 Diagnostic Tests......Page 646 Clinical Therapy......Page 647 Special Issues in Childhood Cancer......Page 653 Brain Tumors......Page 667 Neuroblastoma......Page 671 Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)......Page 672 Ewing Sarcoma......Page 674 Clinical Manifestations......Page 676 Clinical Therapy......Page 677 Hodgkin Disease......Page 679 Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 680 Retinoblastoma......Page 681 Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate......Page 686 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 694 Pyloric Stenosis......Page 696 Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 699 Omphalocele and Gastroschisis......Page 700 Intussusception......Page 701 Volvulus......Page 702 Anorectal Malformations......Page 703 Ostomies......Page 705 Inflammatory Disorders......Page 706 Appendicitis......Page 707 Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 710 Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 711 Gastroenteritis (Acute Diarrhea)......Page 713 Constipation......Page 717 Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 718 Hepatic Disorders......Page 720 Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn......Page 721 Biliary Atresia......Page 722 Viral Hepatitis......Page 723 Cirrhosis......Page 725 Abdominal Trauma......Page 726 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 732 Clinical Therapy......Page 736 Bladder Exstrophy......Page 737 Hypospadias and Epispadias......Page 738 Obstructive Uropathy......Page 740 Prune Belly Syndrome......Page 741 Enuresis......Page 742 Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 743 Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis......Page 746 Acute Renal Failure......Page 749 Chronic Renal Failure......Page 752 Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 756 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome......Page 760 Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 761 Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele......Page 762 Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 763 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)......Page 766 Altered States of Consciousness......Page 770 Clinical Therapy......Page 774 Clinical Therapy......Page 778 Bacterial Meningitis......Page 785 Viral (Aseptic) Meningitis......Page 789 Reye Syndrome......Page 790 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Postinfectious Polyneuritis)......Page 791 Hydrocephalus......Page 792 Neural Tube Defects......Page 796 Craniosynostosis......Page 800 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome......Page 801 Neurofibromatosis......Page 802 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 803 Clinical Therapy......Page 804 Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 808 Skull Fractures......Page 813 Spinal Cord Injury......Page 814 Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury (Drowning)......Page 816 Mental Health Alterations of Children and Adolescents......Page 821 Clinical Manifestations......Page 823 Clinical Therapy......Page 824 Autism Spectrum Disorder (Neurodevelopmental Disorder)......Page 827 Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 831 Depression......Page 834 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)......Page 837 Separation Anxiety Disorder......Page 838 Conversion Reaction......Page 839 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 840 Suicide......Page 842 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome......Page 843 Learning Disabilities......Page 844 Intellectual Disability (Formerly Called Mental Retardation)......Page 845 29 Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function......Page 852 Metatarsus Adductus......Page 857 Clubfoot......Page 858 Genu Varum and Genu Valgum......Page 861 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip......Page 862 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 865 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis......Page 866 Scoliosis......Page 868 Osteoporosis and Osteopenia......Page 872 Osteomyelitis......Page 874 Skeletal Tuberculosis and Septic Arthritis......Page 875 Achondroplasia......Page 876 Osteogenesis Imperfecta......Page 877 Muscular Dystrophies......Page 878 Fractures......Page 882 Sports Injuries......Page 887 Amputations......Page 888 Growth Hormone Deficiency (Hypopituitarism)......Page 892 Diabetes Insipidus......Page 898 Precocious Puberty......Page 899 Hypothyroidism......Page 900 Hyperthyroidism......Page 901 Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease......Page 903 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia......Page 904 Pheochromocytoma......Page 906 Type 1 Diabetes......Page 907 Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 917 Hypoglycemia in the Child With Diabetes......Page 919 Type 2 Diabetes......Page 920 Amenorrhea......Page 922 Turner Syndrome......Page 923 Phenylketonuria......Page 924 Mitochondrial Diseases......Page 925 Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 926 Skin Lesions......Page 931 Dermatitis......Page 934 Contact Dermatitis......Page 935 Diaper Dermatitis......Page 937 Seborrheic Dermatitis......Page 938 Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 939 Cellulitis......Page 940 Oral Candidal Infection (Thrush)......Page 941 Drug Reactions......Page 942 Atopic Dermatitis......Page 944 Acne......Page 947 Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 951 Pediculosis Capitis (Lice)......Page 952 Scabies......Page 953 Vascular Tumors (Hemangiomas)......Page 954 Pressure Ulcers......Page 955 Burns......Page 956 Sunburn......Page 964 Hypothermia......Page 965 Frostbite......Page 966 Bites......Page 967 Foreign Bodies......Page 968 Lacerations......Page 970 Appendix A Physical Growth Charts......Page 973 Appendix B Blood Pressure Tables......Page 983 Appendix C Dietary Reference Intakes......Page 985 Appendix D Selected Pediatric Laboratory Values......Page 987 Appendix E Diagnostic Tests and Procedures......Page 990 Appendix F Body Surface Area Nomogram......Page 995 Appendix G Conversions and Equivalents......Page 996 Glossary......Page 997 A......Page 1010 B......Page 1014 C......Page 1015 D......Page 1029 E......Page 1031 F......Page 1036 G......Page 1039 H......Page 1042 I......Page 1046 L......Page 1049 M......Page 1050 N......Page 1053 O......Page 1060 P......Page 1061 R......Page 1070 S......Page 1071 T......Page 1076 V......Page 1078 Z......Page 1079