Marine Biology

Description

Marine Biology covers the basics of marine biology with a global approach, using examples from numerous regions and ecosystems worldwide. This introductory, one-semester text is designed for non-majors. Authors Castro and Huber have made a special effort to include solid basic science content needed in a general education course, including the fundamental principles of biology, the physical sciences, and the scientific method. This science coverage is integrated with a stimulating, up-to-date overview of marine biology. Cover Marine Biology Dedication Contents Eye on Science Boxes About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments Part One: Principles of Marine Science 1: The Science of Marine Biology 1.1: The Science of Marine Biology The History of Marine Biology Marine Biology Today 1.2: The Scientific Method Observation: The Currency of Science Two Ways of Thinking Testing Ideas Limitations of the Scientific Method Eye on Science: The Best Laid Plans Observing the Ocean John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts Interactive Exploration 2: The Sea Floor 2.1: The Water Planet The Geography of the Ocean Basins The Structure of Planet Earth 2.2: The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins Early Evidence of Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Earthís Geological History 2.3: The Geological Provinces of the Ocean Continental Margins Deep-Ocean Basins The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and Mantle Plumes Interactive Exploration 3: Chemical and Physical Features of the World Ocean 3.1: The Waters of the Ocean The Unique Nature of Pure Water Seawater 3.2: Ocean Circulation Surface Circulation Thermohaline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor 3.3: Waves and Tides Waves Tides Tall Ships and Surface Currents Eye on Science: Larval Transport Near Hydrothermal Vents Waves That Kill Interactive Exploration 4: Fundamentals of Biology 4.1: The Ingredients of Life The Building Blocks The Fuel of Life 4.2: Living Machinery Cells and Organelles Levels of Organization 4.3: Challenges of Life in the Sea Salinity Temperature Surface-to-Volume Ratio 4.4: Perpetuating Life Modes of Reproduction Reproductive Strategies 4.5: The Diversity of Life in the Sea Natural Selection and Adaptation Classifying Living Things Evolutionary Perspective: From Snack to Servant: How Complex Cells Arose Eye on Science: When Fishes Stepped on Land Interactive Exploration Part Two: The Organisms of the Sea 5: The Microbial World 5.1: Viruses 5.2: Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea Prokaryote Metabolism 5.3: Unicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Other Unicellular Algae 5.4: Protozoans: The Animal-Like Protists Foraminiferans Radiolarians Ciliates 5.5: Fungi Eye on Science: The Origin of Eukaryotes Tiny Cells, Big Surprises Evolutionary Perspective: Symbiotic Bacteria—The Essential Guests The Bay of Fire Interactive Exploration 6: Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants 6.1: Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds General Structure Photosynthetic Pigments Types of Seaweeds Life History Economic Importance 6.2: Flowering Plants Seagrasses Salt-Marsh Plants Mangroves Economic Importance Seaweeds for Gourmets Eye on Science: Marine Algae as Biofuels Interactive Exploration 7: Marine Animals Without a Backbone 7.1: Sponges 7.2: Cnidarians: Radial Symmetry Types of Cnidarians Biology of Cnidarians 7.3: Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry Revisited 7.4: Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms Flatworms Ribbon Worms Nematodes Arrow Worms Segmented Worms 7.5: Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body Types of Molluscs Biology of Molluscs 7.6: Arthropods: The Armored Achievers Crustaceans Biology of Crustaceans Other Marine Arthropods 7.7: Bryozoans 7.8: Echinoderms: Five-Way Symmetry Types of Echinoderms Biology of Echinoderms 7.9: Hemichordates: A ìMissing Linkî? 7.10: Chordates Without a Backbone Tunicates The Case of the Killer Cnidarians How to Discover a New Phylum Eye on Science: The Complex Eyes of Mantis Shrimps Interactive Exploration 8: Marine Fishes 8.1: Vertebrates: An Introduction 8.2: Types of Fishes Jawless Fishes Cartilaginous Fishes Bony Fishes 8.3: Biology of Fishes Body Shape Coloration Locomotion Feeding Digestion Circulatory System Respiratory System Regulation of the Internal Environment Nervous System and Sensory Organs Behavior Reproduction and Life History Shark! Eye on Science: Great White Shark Migrations Evolutionary Perspective: A Fish Called Latimeria Interactive Exploration 9: Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals 9.1: Marine Reptiles Sea Turtles Sea Snakes Other Marine Reptiles Biology of Marine Reptiles 9.2: Seabirds Penguins Tubenoses Pelicans and Related Seabirds Gulls and Related Seabirds Shorebirds Biology of Seabirds 9.3: Marine Mammals Seals, Sea Lions, and the Walrus Sea Otter, Marine Otter, and Polar Bear Manatees and Dugong Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Biology of Marine Mammals The Endangered Sea Turtles Evolutionary Perspective: The Whales That Walked to Sea Eye on Science: Feeding in the Blue Whale How Intelligent Are Cetaceans? Interactive Exploration Part Three: Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems 10: An Introduction to Marine Ecology 10.1: The Organization of Communities How Populations Grow Ways That Species Interact 10.2: Major Marine Lifestyles and Environments 10.3: The Flow of Energy and Materials Trophic Structure Cycles of Essential Nutrients Biodiversity: All Creatures Great and Small Cleaning Associations Eye on Science: Carbon Sinks and Blue Carbon Interactive Exploration SPECIAL REPORT: Our Changing Planet : Climate Change The Greenhouse: Too Much of a Good Thing? CO2 Through the Roof Whatís Happening Now? What Lies Ahead? So What? : Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem : Overwhelming the Nitrogen Cycle : The No-Zone : Stripping the Sea Bare : Disappearing Habitats : So What Do We Do? Will There Be a Last Straw? For More Information 11: Between the Tides 11.1: Rocky Shore Intertidal Communities Exposure at Low Tide The Power of the Sea The Battle for Space Vertical Zonation of Rocky Shores 11.2: Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities The Shifting Sediments Living in the Sediment Transplantation, Removal, and Caging Experiments Eye on Science: Sea Star Wasting Disease Interactive Exploration 12: Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea 12.1: Origins and Types of Estuaries 12.2: Physical Characteristics of Estuaries Salinity Substrate Other Physical Factors 12.3: Estuaries as Ecosystems Living in an Estuary Types of Estuarine Communities Feeding Interactions Among Estuarine Organisms 12.4: Human Impact on Estuarine Communities Fiddler on the Mud Eye on Science: Restoration of Salt Marshes Interactive Exploration 13: Life on the Continental Shelf 13.1: Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment 13.2: Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities Unvegetated Soft-Bottom Communities Seagrass Meadows Human Impact on Seagrasses 13.3: Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities Rocky Bottoms Kelp Communities Under the Polar Ice Life in Mud and Sand Eye on Science: Toxoplasma: From Cats to Sea Otters Interactive Exploration 14: Coral Reefs 14.1: The Organisms That Build Reefs Reef Corals Other Reef Builders Conditions for Reef Growth 14.2: Kinds of Coral Reefs Fringing Reefs Barrier Reefs Atolls 14.3: The Ecology of Coral Reefs The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs Coral Reef Communities 14.4: Human Impact on Coral Reefs Global Warming and Ocean Acidification Pollution, Overfishing, Disease, and Habitat Destruction Promoting Reef Resilience Coral Reproduction Deep-Water Coral Communities "Must Have Been Something I Ate" The Kaneëohe Bay Story Interactive Exploration 15: Life Near the Surface 15.1: The Organisms of the Epipelagic The Plankton: A New Understanding The Phytoplankton The Zooplankton The Nekton 15.2: Living in the Epipelagic Staying Afloat Predators and Their Prey 15.3: Epipelagic Food Webs Trophic Levels and Energy Flow The Microbial Loop Patterns of Production The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Red Tides and Harmful Algal Blooms Swimming Machines Eye on Science: Biological Nutrient Pumps Interactive Exploration 16: The Ocean Depths 16.1: The Twilight World The Animals of the Mesopelagic Adaptations of Midwater Animals 16.2: The World of Perpetual Darkness The Lack of Food Sex in the Deep Sea Living Under Pressure 16.3: The Deep-Ocean Floor Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos The Nature of Life in the Deep-Sea Benthos Microbes in the Deep Sea 16.4: Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies The Chambered Nautilus Biodiversity in the Deep Sea Eye on Science: Alvin Reborn Interactive Exploration Part Four: Humans and the Sea 17: Resources from the Sea 17.1: The Living Resources of the Sea Food from the Sea Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation 17.2: Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor Oil and Gas Ocean Mining 17.3: Non-Living Resources from Seawater Energy Fresh Water Minerals Of Fish and Seabirds, Fishers and Chickens Eye on Science: Aquaculture of Bluefin Tunas Take Two Sponges and Call Me in the Morning Interactive Exploration 18: The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment 18.1: Modification and Destruction of Habitats Trawling 18.2: Pollution Eutrophication Sewage Oil Persistent Toxic Substances Plastic Waste Thermal Pollution 18.3: Threatened and Endangered Species 18.4: Conserving and Enhancing the Marine Environment Conservation Restoration of Habitats 18.5: Prospects for the Future Eye on Science: Microplastics in the Marine Environment Biological Invasions: The Uninvited Guests Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Oceans Interactive Exploration Appendix A: Units of Measurement Appendix B: Selected Field Guides and Other References for the Identification of Marine Organisms in North America Appendix C: The World Ocean Appendix D: Major Coastal Communities and Marine Protected Areas in North America and the Caribbean Glossary Index