Microbial Endophytes: Functional Biology and Applications

Description

Microbial Endophytes: Functional Biology and Applications focuses on endophytic bacteria and fungi, including information on foundational endophytes and the latest advances in relevant genomics, proteomics and nanotechnological aspects. The book provides insights into the molecular aspects of plant endophytes and their interactions and applications, also exploring the potential commercialization of endophytic microorganisms and their use as bio fertilizers, in biocontrol, and as bioactive compounds for other sustainable applications. Coverage of important and emerging legal considerations relevant to those working to implement these important bacteria in production processes is also included. Presents discussion on entry, colonization and the distribution of endophytic microorganismsExplores the phyto immunological functions of endophytic microorganismsProvides genomic insights on plant endophyte interactionIdentifies bio-commercial aspects of microbial endophytes for sustainable agriculture, including potential legal issues and IPR in microbial research Cover Microbial Endophytes: Functional Biology and Applications Copyright Contributors 1 - Entry, colonization, and distribution of endophytic microorganisms in plants Chapter outline head 1.1 - Introduction 1.2 - The rhizosphere and its role in endophytic associations 1.3 - Endophytes and host plant surfaces 1.4 - Entry and colonization of plants by bacterial endophytes 1.5 - Plant internalization and extraction of nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle 1.6 - Genomic insights into host and endophyte interaction 1.7 - Transmission of endophytes 1.8 - Endophytic diversity 1.9 - Conclusion or future prospective References 2 - Benefits of plant-endophyte interaction for sustainable agriculture Chapter outline head 2.1 - Introduction 2.2 - Endophytic microorganisms 2.3 - Endophytic bacteria 2.4 - Endophytic bacterial colonization in plants 2.5 - Transition from rhizospheric bacteria to endophytic bacteria 2.6 - Molecular mechanisms of endophytic bacteria involved in its interactions with plants 2.6.1 - Chemotaxis 2.6.2 - Adherence to the plant root surface 2.6.3 - Penetration and colonization of bacteria in the internal parts of the plant 2.7 - Molecular mechanisms of plants involved in its interaction with endophytic bacteria 2.7.1 - Plant receptors 2.7.2 - Plant hormone-signaling pathways 2.8 - Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in plant growth promotion 2.8.1 - Mobilization of nutrients 2.8.2 - 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity 2.8.3 - Production of phytohormones 2.9 - Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in biocontrol of plant diseases 2.9.1 - Production of antimicrobial compounds 2.9.2 - Cell wall-degrading enzymes 2.9.3 - Induced systemic resistance 2.10 - Conclusions Acknowledgment References 3 - Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytes Chapter outline head 3.1 - Introduction 3.2 - Bacterial endophytes and their diversity 3.3 - Current understanding on the mechanisms of plant growth promotion by bacterial endophytes 3.4 - Various mechanisms 3.5 - Microbial production of IAA 3.6 - ACC deaminase production 3.7 - Phosphate solubilization 3.8 - Nitrogen fixation 3.9 - Siderophore production 3.10 - Biocontrol 3.11 - Competition 3.12 - Antibiotics 3.13 - Lytic enzymes 3.14 - Induced systemic resistance 3.15 - Ethylene 3.16 - Quorum quenching 3.17 - Plant probiotics 3.18 - Conclusions References 4 - Endophytic bacterial strains induced systemic resistance in agriculturally important crop plants Chapter Outline head 4.1 - Introduction 4.2 - Endophytes providing disease resistance and mode of action 4.2.1 - Siderophores 4.2.2 - Antibiotic production 4.2.3 - Production of lytic enzymes 4.2.4 - Induced systemic resistance 4.2.4.1 - Mechanism of ISR mediated by endophytes 4.3 - Endophytes providing ISR against wilt diseases 4.4 - Optimization of bioactive metabolite production by endophytes through statistical approach 4.5 - Bioformulation of endophytes 4.6 - Challenges related to the development of endophytic formulation 4.7 - Future prospective in endophytic research 4.8 - Conclusion Acknowledgments References 5 - Endophytes and seed priming: agricultural applications and future prospects Chapter outline head 5.1 - Introduction 5.2 - Types of seed priming 5.2.1 - Hydro-priming 5.2.2 - Halo-priming 5.2.3 - Osmo-priming 5.2.4 - Solid matrix priming 5.2.5 - Hormonal priming 5.2.6 - Chemo-priming 5.2.7 - Thermo-priming 5.2.8 - Bio-priming 5.3 - Factors affecting seed priming processes 5.4 - Role of endophytes in seed priming 5.5 - Future perspectives 5.6 - Conclusion References 6 - The chemical warfare involved in endophytic microorganisms-plant associations Chapter outline head 6.1 - Introduction 6.2 - Mechanisms used by endophytic fungal to colonize plant tissues 6.2.1 - Fungal colonization aspects 6.2.1.1 - Host recognition 6.2.1.2 - Spore germination 6.2.1.3 - Tissue penetration 6.2.1.4 - Tissue colonization/multiplication 6.2.2 - Fungal colonization characterization 6.2.2.1 - Wheat germ agglutinin Alexa Fluor 6.2.2.2 - Confocal laser scanning microscopy 6.2.2.3 - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 6.3 - Mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to promote growth of plant 6.3.1 - Direct growth promotion mechanism 6.3.1.1 - Signaling compounds 6.3.1.2 - Enhance the absorption of nutrient 6.3.2 - Indirect growth promotion mechanisms 6.4 - Increase of resistance of plant to biotic and abiotic stresses 6.4.1 - Biotic stress tolerance 6.4.1.1 - Defense against insects 6.4.1.2 - Defense against herbivores 6.4.1.3 - Defense against pathogens 6.4.2 - Abiotic stress tolerance 6.4.2.1 - Salinity stress tolerance 6.4.2.2 - Drought stress tolerance 6.4.2.3 - Temperatures stress tolerance 6.4.2.4 - Heavy metal stress tolerance Acknowledgments References 7 - Endophytic microbial influence on plant stress responses Chapter outline head 7.1 - Introduction 7.2 - How do endophytes help in stress tolerance? 7.3 - Plant growth promotion by the endophytes 7.3.1 - Phytohormone production by the endophytes 7.3.2 - Phosphate solubilization by the endophytes 7.3.3 - Production of siderophores by the endophytes 7.3.4 - Nitrogen fixation by the endophytes 7.3.5 - Synthesis of biologically active compounds 7.4 - Abiotic stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.1 - Drought stress 7.4.1.1 - Mechanism of drought stress tolerance by plants 7.4.1.2 - Drought stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.2 - Salinity stress 7.4.2.1 - Plant mechanisms to tide over soil salinity 7.4.2.2 - Salinity stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.3 - Temperature stress 7.4.3.1 - Heat stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.3.2 - Cold stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.4 - Heavy metal stress 7.4.4.1 - Metal stress alleviation by the endophytes 7.4.5 - Role of endophytes in nutrient starvation 7.5 - Biotic stress 7.5.1 - Role of endophytes in biotic tolerance 7.6 - Commercial applications of stress tolerant endophytes 7.7 - Conclusion References 8 - Microbial bioformulation-based plant biostimulants: a plausible approach toward next generation of sustainable agri... Chapter outline head 8.1 - Introduction 8.2 - Concept of bioformulation, composition, and microbial metabolites 8.3 - Production and marketing constraints 8.4 - Bioformulation as biocontrol agents 8.5 - Formulation and application methods 8.5.1 - Solid Bioformulation 8.5.2 - Liquid formulations 8.6 - Microbial bioformulation-based plant biostimulants 8.6.1 - Bacterial-based plant biostimulants 8.6.2 - Fungal-based Biostimulants 8.7 - Mechanisms implicated in plant biostimulatory effects on crop productivity 8.8 - Current Scenario/Market Trends 8.9 - Regulatory framework 8.10 - Conclusion Acknowledgments References 9 - Genomic insights of plant endophyte interaction: prospective and impact on plant fitness Chapter outline head 9.1 - Introduction 9.2 - Microbial diversity 9.3 - Omics–unraveling plant–endophytic interaction 9.4 - What makes microbes an endophyte? 9.5 - Plant fitness: Plant–endophyte interaction 9.5.1 - Genes involved in nutrients acquisition 9.5.2 - Genomics aspects of mitigation of abiotic stress tolerance by endophytes 9.5.3 - Genomics of alleviating biotic stress in host plants by endophytes 9.6 - Perspectives: a way ahead References 10 - Fungal endophytes-induced gene expression studies in biotic and abiotic stress management Chapter outline head 10.1 - Introduction 10.2 - Endophytic fungi and their importance in agriculture 10.2.1 - Historical evolution of endophytic fungi 10.2.2 - Classification of endophytes 10.2.3 - Entry of endophytic fungi into the host plant 10.3 - Gene expression analysis 10.4 - Gene expression analysis in plant–microbe interactions 10.4.1 - Plant growth through fungal secondary metabolites 10.4.2 - Biotic stresses 10.4.3 - Abiotic stresses 10.5 - Conclusion and future prospects References 11 - Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: biodiversity and biotechnological applications Chapter outline head 11.1 - Introduction 11.2 - Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants 11.3 - Biodiversity and distribution of fungal endophytes 11.4 - Biotechnological applications 11.4.1 - Production of novel anticancerous compounds 11.4.1.1 - Aldehyde 11.4.1.2 - Alkaloids 11.4.1.3 - Chromones 11.4.1.4 - Cyclohexanones 11.4.1.5 - Depsidones 11.4.1.6 - Depsipeptides 11.4.1.7 - Ergochromes 11.4.1.8 - Esters 11.4.1.9 - Lactones 11.4.1.10 - Lignans 11.4.1.11 - Peptides 11.4.1.12 - Polyketides 11.4.1.13 - Quinone 11.4.1.14 - Spirobisnaphthalenes 11.4.2 - Cytotoxic secondary metabolites 11.4.3 - Bioactive compounds for human health 11.5 - Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgments References 12 - Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi and their role in plant disease management Abstract Keywords Chapter outline head 12.1 - Introduction 12.2 - Mechanism of mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles 12.2.1 - Intracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles 12.2.2 - Extracellular synthesis of silver metal nanoparticles 12.3 - Silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi and their efficacy in biocontrol 12.3.1 - Effect of nanoparticles against plant pathogenic fungi 12.3.2 - Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles from fungal endophytes 12.4 - Mechanism of antimicrobial action by silver nanoparticles 12.5 - Factors affecting the mycosynthesis of metal nanoparticles 12.6 - Nanoparticles in plant disease management 12.7 - Conclusions References 13 - Biocommercial aspects of microbial endophytes for sustainable agriculture Abstract Keywords Chapter outline head 13.1 - Introduction 13.2 - Incidence of microbial endophytes diversity 13.3 - Comparison of native and alien endophyte inoculants 13.4 - Growth promotional aspects due to symbiosis 13.4.1 - Direct mechanisms of plant growth promotion 13.4.1.1 - Production of phytohormones 13.4.2 - ACC deaminase activity 13.4.3 - Micro and macro nutrient 13.4.4 - Abiotic stress 13.4.5 - Phytoremediation 13.5 - Deciphering disease suppressive mechanisms 13.5.1 - Indirect mechanisms of plant growth promotion 13.5.2 - Competition for niche and nutrition 13.5.3 - Antagonism 13.5.4 - Induced systemic resistance 13.5.5 - Endophytes as biocontrol agents against pests 13.5.6 - Mode of action by entomopathogenic fungi 13.5.7 - Host range and host specificity of entomopathogenic endophytes 13.5.8 - Development of endophyte inoculants 13.5.9 - Types of inoculation for delivery 13.5.10 - Foliar inoculation 13.5.11 - Stem inoculation 13.5.12 - Seed dipping 13.5.13 - Root dipping 13.5.14 - Soil spray 13.5.15 - TwinN 13.6 - Commercialization of endophyte products for sustainable agriculture 13.6.1 - Bio vaccine 13.6.2 - Biofertilizers 13.6.3 - Biocontrol products 13.7 - Bio market 13.7.1 - Registration of product 13.7.2 - Quality control 13.7.3 - Efficacy of the products 13.7.4 - Regulation of endophyte-based bioproducts market 13.7.5 - Challenges in endophyte commercialization 13.7.6 - Possible toxicity assessment 13.8 - Recent developments and applications of microbial endophytes 13.8.1 - Auto fluorescent protein (AFP) technique 13.8.2 - Genome studies 13.8.3 - Genetic engineering 13.9 - Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References 14 - Microbial endophytes and their intellectual property rights Abstract Keywords Chapter outline head 14.1 - Introduction 14.2 - Endophytes and their patents 14.3 - Microbe’s intellectual properties-related conflicts 14.4 - Role of WIPO governing intellectual properties of microbial organisms 14.5 - Implementation of IP protection of microorganisms 14.5.1 - Microorganisms submission for purposes of the patent process 14.5.1.1 - Revelation and requisite for submission 14.5.1.2 - The requirement for an identical international deposit system 14.6 - The Budapest Treaty 14.6.1 - Fundamental structure of the Budapest Treaty 14.6.1.1 - IDA and recognition of one submission 14.6.1.2 - Deposit and furnishing of samples 14.6.1.3 - Safeguard of deposits 14.6.1.4 - Implications of the term microorganism 14.7 - Conclusion and prospects References Index Back Cover