Genetics: A Conceptual Approach

Description

With Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, Ben Pierce brings a master teacher’s experiences to the introductory genetics textbook, clarifying this complex subject by focusing on the big picture of genetics concepts and how those concepts connect to one another. The new 7th edition continues this mission by expanding upon the powerful pedagogy and tools that have made this title so successful. New question types, more learning guidelines for students, and an updated art program round out a powerful text. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach is now supported in Achieve, Macmillan’s new online learning platform. Achieve is the culmination of years of development work put toward creating the most powerful online learning tool for biology students. It houses all of our renowned assessments, multimedia assets, e-books, and instructor resources in a powerful new platform. Achieve supports educators and students throughout the full range of instruction, including assets suitable for pre-class preparation, in-class active learning, and post-class study and assessment. The pairing of a powerful new platform with outstanding content provides an unrivaled learning experience. About this Book Cover Page Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents in Brief Contents Letter from the Author Preface New and Reorganized Content Acknowledgments Half-Title Page Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics 1.1 Genetics Is Important to Us Individually, to Society, and to the Study of Biology The Role of Genetics in Biology Genetic Diversity and Evolution DNA in the Biosphere Divisions of Genetics Model Genetic Organisms 1.2 Humans Have Been Using Genetic Techniques for Thousands of Years The Early Use and Understanding of Heredity The Rise of the Science of Genetics The Cutting Edge of Genetics 1.3 A Few Fundamental Concepts Are Important for the Start of Our Journey into Genetics Chapter 1 Review Chapter Summary Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 1 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 2 Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction 2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Differ in a Number of Genetic Characteristics 2.2 Cell Reproduction Requires the Copying of the Genetic Material, Separation of the Copies, and Cell Division Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction by Binary Fission Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Genetic Consequences of the Cell Cycle 2.3 Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetic Variation Through the Process of Meiosis Meiosis Sources of Genetic Variation in Meiosis The Separation of Sister Chromatids and Homologous Chromosomes Meiosis in the Life Cycles of Animals and Plants Chapter 2 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 2 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Heredity 3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity Mendel’s Success Genetic Terminology 3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept of Dominance What Monohybrid Crosses Reveal The Molecular Nature of Alleles Predicting the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses The Testcross Genetic Symbols 3.3 Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Independent Assortment Dihybrid Crosses The Principle of Independent Assortment Relating the Principle of Independent Assortment to Meiosis Applying Probability and the Branch Diagram to Dihybrid Crosses The Dihybrid Testcross 3.4 Observed Ratios of Progeny May Deviate from Expected Ratios by Chance The Chi-Square (χ2) Goodness-of-Fit Test Chapter 3 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 3 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 4 Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics 4.1 Sex Is Determined by a Number of Different Mechanisms Chromosomal Sex-Determining Systems Genic Sex Determination Environmental Sex Determination Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster Sex Determination in Humans 4.2 Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes X-Linked White Eyes in Drosophila Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance X-Linked Color Blindness in Humans Symbols for X-Linked Genes Z-Linked Characteristics Y-Linked Characteristics 4.3 Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Amount of Protein Produced by X-Linked and Autosomal Genes in Some Animals The Lyon Hypothesis Mechanism of Random X Inactivation Chapter 4 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 4 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 5 Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles 5.1 Additional Factors at a Single Locus Can Affect the Results of Genetic Crosses Types of Dominance Penetrance and Expressivity Lethal Alleles Multiple Alleles 5.2 Gene Interaction Takes Place When Genes at Multiple Loci Determine a Single Phenotype Gene Interaction That Produces Novel Phenotypes Gene Interaction with Epistasis Complementation: Determining Whether Mutations Are at the Same Locus or at Different Loci The Complex Genetics of Coat Color in Dogs 5.3 Sex Influences the Inheritance and Expression of Genes in a Variety of Ways Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Characteristics Cytoplasmic Inheritance Genetic Maternal Effect Genomic Imprinting 5.4 Anticipation Is the Stronger or Earlier Expression of Traits in Succeeding Generations 5.5 Phenotypes May Be Influenced by Environmental Factors and Multiple Genes Environmental Effects on the Phenotype The Inheritance of Continuous Characteristics Chapter 5 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 5 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 6 Pedigree Analysis, Applications, and Genetic Testing 6.1 The Study of Genetics in Humans Is Constrained by Special Features of Human Biology and Culture 6.2 Geneticists Often Use Pedigrees to Study the Inheritance of Characteristics in Humans Symbols Used in Pedigrees Analysis of Pedigrees Autosomal Recessive Traits Autosomal Dominant Traits X-Linked Recessive Traits X-Linked Dominant Traits Y-Linked Traits Genetic Mosaicism 6.3 Studying Twins and Adoptions Can Help Assess the Importance of Genes and Environment Types of Twins Concordance in Twins A Twin Study of Asthma Adoption Studies 6.4 Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing Provide Information to Those Concerned about Genetic Diseases and Traits Genetic Counseling Genetic Testing Interpreting Genetic Tests Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Genealogies and Genetic Testing for Ancestry Genetic Discrimination and Privacy Chapter 6 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 6 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 7 Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping 7.1 Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently 7.2 Linked Genes Segregate Together While Crossing Over Produces Recombination Between Them Notation for Crosses with Linkage Complete Linkage Compared with Independent Assortment Crossing Over Between Linked Genes Calculating Recombination Frequency Coupling and Repulsion Evidence for the Physical Basis of Recombination Predicting the Outcomes of Crosses with Linked Genes Testing for Independent Assortment Gene Mapping with Recombination Frequencies Constructing a Genetic Map with a Two-Point Testcross 7.3 A Three-Point Testcross Can Be Used to Map Three Linked Genes Constructing a Genetic Map with a Three-Point Testcross Effects of Multiple Crossovers Mapping Human Genes Mapping with Molecular Markers Locating Genes with Genome-Wide Association Studies 7.4 Physical-Mapping Methods Are Used to Determine the Physical Positions of Genes on Particular Chromosomes Somatic-Cell Hybridization Deletion Mapping Physical Chromosome Mapping Through Molecular Analysis 7.5 Recombination Rates Exhibit Extensive Variation Chapter 7 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 7 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 8 Chromosome Variation 8.1 Chromosome Mutations Include Rearrangements, Aneuploidy, and Polyploidy Chromosome Morphology Types of Chromosome Mutations 8.2 Chromosome Rearrangements Alter Chromosome Structure Duplications Deletions Inversions Translocations Fragile Sites Copy-Number Variations 8.3 Aneuploidy Is an Increase or Decrease in the Number of Individual Chromosomes Types of Aneuploidy Effects of Aneuploidy Aneuploidy in Humans Uniparental Disomy Genetic Mosaicism 8.4 Polyploidy Is the Presence of More Than Two Sets of Chromosomes Autopolyploidy Allopolyploidy The Significance of Polyploidy Chapter 8 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 8 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 9 Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems 9.1 Bacteria and Viruses Have Important Roles in Human Society and the World Ecosystem Life in a Bacterial World Bacterial Diversity 9.2 Genetic Analysis of Bacteria Requires Special Methods Techniques for the Study of Bacteria The Bacterial Genome Plasmids 9.3 Bacteria Exchange Genes Through Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction Conjugation Natural Gene Transfer and Antibiotic Resistance Transformation in Bacteria Bacterial Genome Sequences Horizontal Gene Transfer 9.4 Bacterial Defense Mechanisms Restriction-Modification Systems CRISPR-Cas Systems An Evolutionary Arms Race Between Bacteria and Viruses 9.5 Viruses Are Simple Replicating Systems Amenable to Genetic Analysis Techniques for the Study of Bacteriophages Transduction Gene Mapping in Phages Plant and Animal Viruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS Influenza Rhinoviruses Zika Virus Chapter 9 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 9 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Question Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 10 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene 10.1 Genetic Material Possesses Several Key Characteristics 10.2 All Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Structure of DNA or RNA Early Studies of DNA DNA as the Source of Genetic Information Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Three-Dimensional Structure of DNA RNA as Genetic Material 10.3 DNA Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Nucleotide Strands That Form a Double Helix The Primary Structure of DNA Secondary Structures of DNA 10.4 Special Structures Can Form in DNA and RNA Chapter 10 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 10 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 11 Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA 11.1 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell Supercoiling The Bacterial Chromosome Eukaryotic Chromosomes Changes in Chromatin Structure 11.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Possess Centromeres and Telomeres Centromere Structure Telomere Structure 11.3 Eukaryotic DNA Contains Several Classes of Sequence Variation The Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA Types of DNA Sequences in Eukaryotes Organization of Genetic Information in Eukaryotes 11.4 Organelle DNA Has Unique Characteristics Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Structure The Endosymbiotic Theory Uniparental Inheritance of Organelle-Encoded Traits The Mitochondrial Genome The Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Damage to Mitochondrial DNA Associated with Aging Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy The Chloroplast Genome Movement of Genetic Information Between Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Chloroplast Genomes Chapter 11 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 11 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Recombination 12.1 Genetic Information Must Be Accurately Copied Every Time a Cell Divides 12.2 All DNA Replication Takes Place in a Semiconservative Manner Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment Modes of Replication Requirements of Replication Direction of Replication 12.3 Bacterial Replication Requires a Large Number of Enzymes and Proteins Initiation Unwinding Elongation Termination The Fidelity of DNA Replication 12.4 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Bacterial Replication but Differs in Several Aspects Eukaryotic Origins of Replication DNA Synthesis and the Cell Cycle The Licensing of DNA Replication Unwinding Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases Nucleosome Assembly The Location of Replication Within the Nucleus Replication at the Ends of Chromosomes Replication in Archaea 12.5 Recombination Takes Place Through the Alignment, Breakage, and Repair of DNA Strands Models of Recombination Enzymes Required for Recombination Chapter 12 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 12 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 13 Transcription 13.1 RNA, Consisting of a Single Strand of Ribonucleotides, Participates in a Variety of Cellular Functions An Early RNA World The Structure of RNA Classes of RNA 13.2 Transcription Is the Synthesis of an RNA Molecule from a DNA Template The Template The Substrate for Transcription The Transcription Apparatus 13.3 Bacterial Transcription Consists of Initiation, Elongation, and Termination Initiation Elongation Termination 13.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Similar to Bacterial Transcription but Has Some Important Differences Transcription and Nucleosome Structure Promoters Initiation Elongation Termination 13.5 Transcription in Archaea Is More Similar to Transcription in Eukaryotes Than to Transcription in Bacteria Chapter 13 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 13 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 14 RNA Molecules and RNA Processing 14.1 Many Genes Have Complex Structures Gene Organization Introns The Concept of the Gene Revisited 14.2 Messenger RNAs, Which Encode Proteins, Are Modified after Transcription in Eukaryotes The Structure of Messenger RNA Pre-mRNA Processing RNA Splicing Alternative Processing Pathways RNA Editing 14.3 Transfer RNAs, Which Attach to Amino Acids, Are Modified after Transcription in Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cells The Structure of Transfer RNA Transfer RNA Gene Structure and Processing 14.4 Ribosomal RNA, a Component of the Ribosome, Is Also Processed after Transcription The Structure of the Ribosome Ribosomal RNA Gene Structure and Processing 14.5 Small RNA Molecules Participate in a Variety of Functions RNA Interference Small Interfering RNAs and MicroRNAs Piwi-Interacting RNAs CRISPR RNA 14.6 Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Gene Expression Chapter 14 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 14 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 15 The Genetic Code and Translation 15.1 Many Genes Encode Proteins The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis The Structure and Function of Proteins 15.2 The Genetic Code Determines How the Nucleotide Sequence Specifies the Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein Breaking the Genetic Code The Degeneracy of the Code The Reading Frame and Initiation Codons Termination Codons The Universality of the Code 15.3 Amino Acids Are Assembled into a Protein Through Translation The Binding of Amino Acids to Transfer RNAs The Initiation of Translation Elongation Termination 15.4 Additional Properties of RNA and Ribosomes Affect Protein Synthesis The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Ribosome Polyribosomes Messenger RNA Surveillance Folding and Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins Translation and Antibiotics Chapter 15 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 15 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 16 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 16.1 The Regulation of Gene Expression Is Critical for All Organisms Genes and Regulatory Elements Levels of Gene Regulation DNA-Binding Proteins 16.2 Transcription in Bacterial Cells Is Regulated by Operons Operon Structure Negative and Positive Control: Inducible and Repressible Operons The lac Operon of E. coli lac Mutations Positive Control and Catabolite Repression The trp Operon of E. coli 16.3 Some Operons Regulate Transcription Through Attenuation, the Premature Termination of Transcription Attenuation in the trp Operon of E. coli Why Does Attenuation Take Place in the trp Operon? 16.4 Other Sequences Control the Expression of Some Bacterial Genes Bacterial Enhancers Antisense RNA Riboswitches RNA-Mediated Repression Through Ribozymes Chapter 16 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 16 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 17 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 17.1 Eukaryotic Cells and Bacteria Share Many Features of Gene Regulation but Differ in Several Important Ways 17.2 Changes in Chromatin Structure Affect the Expression of Eukaryotic Genes DNase I Hypersensitivity Chromatin Remodeling Histone Modification DNA Methylation 17.3 Transcription Is Regulated by Transcription Factors Transcription Factors Enhancers and Silencers Insulators and Regulatory Neighborhoods Regulation of Transcriptional Stalling and Elongation Coordinated Gene Regulation 17.4 Eukaryotic Genes Are Regulated by RNA Processing and Degradation Gene Regulation Through RNA Splicing The Degradation of RNA 17.5 RNA Interference Is an Important Mechanism of Gene Regulation Small Interfering RNAs and MicroRNAs Mechanisms of Gene Regulation by RNA Interference The Control of Development by RNA Interference RNA Crosstalk 17.6 The Expression of Some Genes Is Regulated by Processes That Affect Translation or by Modifications of Proteins Chapter 17 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 17 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 18 Gene Mutations and DNA Repair 18.1 Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the DNA Sequence The Importance of Mutations Categories of Mutations Types of Gene Mutations Functional Effects of Mutations Suppressor Mutations Mutation Rates 18.2 Mutations May Be Caused by a Number of Different Factors Spontaneous Replication Errors Spontaneous Chemical Changes Chemically Induced Mutations Radiation 18.3 Mutations Are the Focus of Intense Study by Geneticists Detecting Mutagens with the Ames Test Effects of Radiation Exposure in Humans 18.4 Transposable Elements Can Cause Mutations General Characteristics of Transposable Elements The Process of Transposition The Mutagenic Effects of Transposition Transposable Elements in Bacteria Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes Transposable Elements in Genome Evolution 18.5 A Number of Pathways Can Repair DNA Mismatch Repair Direct Repair Base-Excision Repair Nucleotide-Excision Repair Repair of Double-Strand Breaks Translesion DNA Polymerases Genetic Diseases and Faulty DNA Repair Chapter 18 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 18 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 19 Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology 19.1 Genetics Has Been Transformed by the Development of Molecular Techniques Key Innovations in Molecular Genetics Working at the Molecular Level 19.2 Molecular Techniques Are Used to Cut and Visualize DNA Sequences Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction Enzymes Engineered Nucleases CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing Separating and Viewing DNA Fragments Locating DNA Fragments with Probes 19.3 Specific DNA Fragments Can Be Amplified The Polymerase Chain Reaction Gene Cloning 19.4 Molecular Techniques Can Be Used to Find Genes of Interest DNA Libraries In Situ Hybridization Positional Cloning 19.5 DNA Sequences Can Be Determined and Analyzed Dideoxy Sequencing Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies DNA Fingerprinting 19.6 Molecular Techniques Are Increasingly Used to Analyze Gene Function Forward and Reverse Genetics Creating Random Mutations Targeted Mutagenesis Transgenic Animals Knockout Mice Silencing Genes with RNAi Using RNAi to Treat Human Disease 19.7 Biotechnology Harnesses the Power of Molecular Genetics Pharmaceutical Products Specialized Bacteria Agricultural Products Genetic Testing Gene Therapy Chapter 19 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 19 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Question Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 20 Genomics and Proteomics 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences and Organization of Entire Genomes Genetic Maps Physical Maps Sequencing an Entire Genome The Human Genome Project What Exactly Is the Human Genome? Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Bioinformatics Metagenomics Synthetic Biology 20.2 Functional Genomics Determines the Functions of Genes by Using Genomic Approaches Predicting Function from Sequence Gene Expression Gene Expression and Reporter Sequences Genome-Wide Mutagenesis 20.3 Comparative Genomics Studies How Genomes Evolve Prokaryotic Genomes Eukaryotic Genomes The Human Genome 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell Determination of Cellular Proteins Affinity Capture Protein Microarrays Structural Proteomics Chapter 20 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problem Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 20 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 21 Epigenetics 21.1 What Is Epigenetics? 21.2 Several Molecular Processes Lead to Epigenetic Changes DNA Methylation Histone Modifications Epigenetic Effects of RNA Molecules 21.3 Epigenetic Processes Affect Development Epigenetic Changes Associated with Cell Differentiation Transgenerational Effects Through Paramutation X Inactivation Genomic Imprinting Epigenetic Effects in Monozygotic Twins 21.4 Epigenetic Alterations Bring about Changes in Behavior, Reproduction, and Metabolism Behavioral Epigenetics Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Chemicals Epigenetic Effects on Metabolism 21.5 The Epigenome Chapter 21 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problem Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 21 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Question Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 22 Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics 22.1 Development Takes Place Through Cell Determination Cloning Experiments on Plants Cloning Experiments on Animals 22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves as a Model for the Genetic Control of Development The Development of the Fruit Fly Egg-Polrity Genes Segmentation Genes Homeotic Genes in Drosophila Homeobox Genes in Other Organisms Epigenetic Changes in Development Mapping Gene Expression in Drosophila Embryos 22.3 Genes Control the Development of Flowers in Plants Flower Anatomy Genetic Control of Flower Development 22.4 Programmed Cell Death Is an Integral Part of Development 22.5 The Study of Development Reveals Patterns and Processes of Evolution 22.6 The Development of Immunity Occurs Through Genetic Rearrangement The Organization of the Immune System Immunoglobulin Structure The Generation of Antibody Diversity T-Cell-Receptor Diversity Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes Genes and Organ Transplants Chapter 22 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 22 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Question Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 23 Cancer Genetics 23.1 Cancer Is a Group of Diseases Characterized by Cell Proliferation Tumor Formation Cancer as a Genetic Disease The Role of Environmental Factors in Cancer 23.2 Mutations in Several Types of Genes Contribute to Cancer Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes Genes That Control the Cell Cycle DNA-Repair Genes Genes That Regulate Telomerase Genes That Promote Vascularization and the Spread of Tumors MicroRNAs and Cancer Cancer Genome Projects 23.3 Epigenetic Changes Are Often Associated with Cancer 23.4 Colorectal Cancer Arises Through the Sequential Mutation of a Number of Genes 23.5 Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure Are Often Associated with Cancer 23.6 Viruses Are Associated with Some Cancers Retroviruses and Cancer Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Chapter 23 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problem Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 23 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 24 Quantitative Genetics 24.1 Quantitative Characteristics Are Influenced by Alleles at Multiple Loci The Relation Between Genotype and Phenotype Types of Quantitative Characteristics Polygenic Inheritance Kernel Color in Wheat Determining Gene Number for a Polygenic Characteristic 24.2 Statistical Methods Are Required for Analyzing Quantitative Characteristics Distributions Samples and Populations The Mean The Variance and Standard Deviation Correlation Regression Worked Problem Applying Statistics to the Study of a Polygenic Characteristic 24.3 Heritability Is Used to Estimate the Proportion of Variation in a Trait That Is Genetic Phenotypic Variance Types of Heritability Calculating Heritability The Limitations of Heritability Locating Genes That Affect Quantitative Characteristics 24.4 Genetically Variable Traits Change in Response to Selection Predicting the Response to Selection Limits to the Response to Selection Correlated Responses to Selection Chapter 24 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problems Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 24 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 25 Population Genetics 25.1 Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies Are Used to Describe the Gene Pool of a Population Mathematical Models for Understanding Genetic Variation Calculating Genotypic Frequencies Calculating Allelic Frequencies Worked Problem 25.2 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes the Effect of Reproduction on Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies Genotypic Frequencies at Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Closer Examination of the Hardy–Weinberg Law Implications of the Hardy–Weinberg Law Extensions of the Hardy–Weinberg Law Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Proportions Worked Problem Estimating Allelic Frequencies with the Hardy–Weinberg Law 25.3 Nonrandom Mating Affects the Genotypic Frequencies of a Population 25.4 Several Evolutionary Forces Can Change Allelic Frequencies Mutation Migration Genetic Drift Natural Selection Worked Problem Chapter 25 Review Chapter Summary Worked Problem Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 25 Assessment Comprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Questions Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Chapter 26 Evolutionary Genetics 26.1 Evolution Occurs Through Genetic Change Within Populations Biological Evolution Evolution as a Two-Step Process Evolution in Bighorn Sheep 26.2 Many Natural Populations Contain High Levels of Genetic Variation Molecular Variation 26.3 New Species Arise Through the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation The Biological Species Concept Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Modes of Speciation Genetic Differentiation Associated with Speciation 26.4 The Evolutionary History of a Group of Organisms Can Be Reconstructed by Studying Changes in Homologous Characteristics Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees The Alignment of Homologous Sequences The Construction of Phylogenetic Trees 26.5 Patterns of Evolution Are Revealed by Molecular Changes Rates of Molecular Evolution The Molecular Clock Evolution Through Changes in Gene Regulation Genome Evolution Chapter 26 Review Chapter Summary Important Terms Answers to Concept Checks Chapter 26 Assessment Comaprehension Questions Application Questions and Problems Challenge Question Active Learning: Think-Pair-Share Questions Active Learning: Concept Mapping Exercises Reference Guide to Model Genetic Organisms The Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster The Bacterium Escherichia coli The Nematode Worm Caenorhabditis elegans The Plant Arabidopsis thaliana The Mouse Mus musculus The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Working with Fractions: A Review Glossary Answers to Selected Problems Index End Paper Notes