Netter’s Orthopaedic Clinical Examination. An Evidence-Based Approach

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Netter's Orthopaedic Clinical Examination Copyright Page Dedication About the Authors About the Artists Foreword Preface Video Contents 1 The Reliability and Diagnostic Utility of the Orthopaedic Clinical Examination Reliability Diagnostic Accuracy 2×2 Contingency Table Table 1-1 2×2 Contingency Table Used to Compare the Results of the Reference Standard with Thoseof the Test under Investigation Table 1-2 2×2 Contingency Table Showing the Calculation of Positive Predictive Values (PPVs) andNegative Predictive Values (NPVs) Horizontally and Sensitivity and Specificity Vertically Overall Accuracy Positive and Negative Predictive Values Sensitivity Specificity Likelihood Ratios Table 1-3 Interpretation of Likelihood Ratios Figure 1-4Fagan’s nomogram. Table 1-4 Results of the Crank Test in Detecting Labral Tears When Compared with the ReferenceStandard of Arthroscopic Examination Figure 1-6Treatment threshold. Clinicians must use the pretest probability and likelihood ratios to determine the treatment threshold asindicated in this illustration. Confidence Intervals Pretest and Posttest Probability Calculating Posttest Probability Assessment of Study Quality Summary References 2 Temporomandibular Joint Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Muscles Muscles Involved in Mastication Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth Nerves Mandibular Nerve Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Patient History The Association of Oral Habits with Temporomandibular Disorders Reliability of Patient’s Reports of Pain in Temporomandibular Dysfunction Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain Reliability of Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain Diagnostic Utility of Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain Diagnostic Criteria for TMD Reliability and Diagnostic Criteria for Pain-Related TMD Reliability and Diagnostic Criteria for Intraarticular TMD Physical Examination Tests Palpation Reliability in Determining the Presence of Pain during Muscle Palpation Reliability in Determining the Presence of Pain during Temporomandibular Joint Regional Palpation Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions Diagnostic Utility of Pressure Pain Thresholds in Identifying Temporomandibular Disorder Joint Sounds Reliability of Detecting Joint Sounds during Active Motion Reliability of Detecting Joint Sounds during Joint Play Diagnostic Utility of Clicking in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions Diagnostic Utility of Crepitus in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint during Mouth Opening Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint Reliability of Joint Play and End-Feel Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint Reliability of Measuring Mandibular Opening with Different Head Positions Diagnostic Utility of Limited Range of Motion in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement Dynamic Movement Measurements Diagnostic Utility of Deviations in Movement in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Dynamic Movements Reliability of Detecting Pain during Resistance Tests Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Joint Play Diagnostic Utility of Pain in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions Other Tests Reliability of the Compression Test Diagnostic Utility of Lower Extremity Measurements Combinations of Tests Diagnostic Utility of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction Diagnostic Utility of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction Predicting Treatment Success with Nightly Wear of Occlusal Stabilization Splint Predicting Treatment Failure with Nightly Wear of Occlusal Stabilization Splint Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for Temporomandibular Disorders Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for Temporomandibular Disorders Using QUADAS References 3 Cervical Spine Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Muscles Anterior Muscles of the Neck Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles Posterior Muscles of the Neck Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Patient History Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes Reliability of the Cervical Spine Historical Examination Diagnostic Utility of Patient Complaints for Cervical Radiculopathy Physical Examination Tests Neurologic Examination Reliability of Sensation Testing Diagnostic Utility of Pinprick Sensation Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy Reliability of Manual Muscle Testing Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy Diagnostic Utility of Muscle Stretch Reflex Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy Screening for Cervical Spine Injury Diagnostic Utility of the Clinical Examination for Identifying Cervical Spine Injury Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Measuring Range of Motion Reliability of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion Diagnostic Utility of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion Cervical Strength and Endurance Reliability of Cervical Strength and Endurance Testing Passive Intervertebral Motion Reliability of Assessing Limited Passive Intervertebral Motion Reliability of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion Reliability of Assessing Passive Mobility in the Upper Cervical Spine for Detecting Ligament and Membrane Injuries Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Passive Mobility in the Upper Cervical Spine for Detecting Ligament and Membrane Injuries Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion Palpation Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation with and without a Patient History Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Pain with Palpation Postural and Muscle Length Assessment Reliability of Postural Assessment Reliability of Muscle Length Assessment Spurling’s and Neck Compression Tests Reliability of Spurling’s and Neck Compression Tests Diagnostic Utility of Spurling’s Test Neck Distraction and Traction Tests Reliability of Neck Distraction and Traction Tests Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test Reliability of Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test Shoulder Abduction Test Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Test Neural Tension Tests Reliability of Neural Tension Tests Reliability of Neural Tension Tests Diagnostic Utility of Neural Tension Tests for Cervical Radiculopathy Sharp-Purser Test Diagnostic Utility of the Sharp-Purser Test for Cervical Instability Arm Squeeze Test Reliability of the Arm Squeeze Test in Distinguishing Cervical Nerve Root Compression from Shoulder Pain Diagnostic Utility of the Arm Squeeze Test in Distinguishing Cervical Nerve Root Compression from Shoulder Pain Compression of Brachial Plexus Diagnostic Utility of Brachial Plexus Compression for Cervical Cord Compression Cervical Myelopathy Tests Reliability of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy Combinations of Tests Diagnostic Utility of Clusters of Tests for Cervical Myelopathy Diagnostic Utility of Clusters of Tests for Cervical Radiculopathy Interventions Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Neck Pain Who Are Likely to Benefit from Cervical Thrust Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors and Combinations of Factors for Identifying a Positive Short-Term Clinical Outcome for Cervical Radiculopathy Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Cervical Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Thoracic Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of a Cluster of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Immediate Improvement with Thoracic Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Improvement with Three Weeks of Mechanical Cervical Traction Diagnostic Utility of a Cluster of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Improvement with Three Weeks of Mechanical Cervical Traction Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS References 4 Thoracolumbar Spine Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Joints of the Thoracic Spine Joints of the Lumbar Spine Ligaments Costovertebral Ligaments Thoracolumbar Ligaments Muscles Thoracolumbar Muscles: Superficial Layers Thoracolumbar Muscles: Intermediate Layer Thoracolumbar Muscles: Deep Layer Anterior Abdominal Wall Fascia Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on the Patient History Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns Reliability of the Historical Examination Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Lumbar Radiculopathy Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Ankylosing Spondylitis Physical Examination Tests Neurologic Examination Diagnostic Utility of Sensation Testing, Manual Muscle Testing, and Reflex Testing for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Diagnostic Utility of Sensation Testing, Manual Muscle Testing, and Reflex Testing for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Pain Provocation during Range-of-Motion Measurements Thoracolumbar Strength and Endurance Tests Reliability of Assessing Thoracolumbar Strength and Endurance Postural Assessment Reliability of Postural Assessment Motor Control Assessment Reliability of Tests for Lumbar Motor Control Passive Intervertebral Motion Assessment Reliability of Assessing Limited or Excessive Passive Intervertebral Motion Reliability of Assessing Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion Association of Limited Passive Intervertebral Motion with Low Back Pain Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Excessive Passive Intervertebral Motion Palpation Reliability of Identifying Segmental Levels Reliability of Identifying Tenderness to Palpation Reliability of Assessing Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Function via Palpation Centralization Phenomenon Reliability of Identifying the Centralization Phenomenon Diagnostic Utility of the Centralization Phenomenon Straight-Leg Raise Test Reliability of the Straight-Leg Raise Test Diagnostic Utility of the Straight-Leg Raise Test for Detecting Disc Bulge or Herniation Crossed Straight-Leg Raise Test Diagnostic Utility of the Crossed Straight-Leg Raise Test for Detecting Disc Bulging or Herniation Slump Test Reliability of the Slump Test Diagnostic Utility of the Slump Test for Detecting Disc Bulging or Herniation Slump Knee Bend Test Reliability of the Slump Knee Bend Test Diagnostic Utility of the Slump Knee Bend Test in Detecting Nerve Root Compression Tests for Lumbar Segmental Instability Reliability of Tests for Lumbar Segmental Instability Tests for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Tests for Radiographic Lumbar Instability Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Radiographic Lumbar Instability Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis Classification Methods Reliability of Low Back Pain Classification Systems Treatment-Based Classification Method Interventions Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors for Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Factors for Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation Diagnostic Utility of Single Factors and Combinations of Factors in Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Lumbar Stabilization Exercises Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Low Back Pain Likely to Benefit from Pilates-Based Exercise Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for Thoracolumbar Spine Disorders Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for Thoracolumbar Spine Disorders Using QUADAS References 5 Sacroiliac Region Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Muscles Nerves Patient History Sacroiliac Pain and Sacroiliac Dysfunction Pain Location and Aggravating Factors Sacroiliac Joint Pain Referral Patterns Physical Examination Tests Palpation Pain Provocation and Patient Identification of Location of Pain Assessment of Symmetry of Bony Landmarks Pain Provocation Patrick Test (FABER Test) Thigh Thrust (or Posterior Shear Test or Posterior Pelvic Provocation Test) Compression Test Sacral Thrust Test Gaenslen Test Distraction Test Mennell Test Other Pain Provocation Tests Motion Assessment Gillet Test (Stork Test) Spring Test (Joint Play Assessment) Long-Sit Test (Supine-to-Sit Test) Standing Flexion Test Sitting Flexion Test Prone Knee Bend Test Other Motion Assessment Tests Combinations of Tests Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain Classification Reliability of Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain Classification Sacroiliac Joint Pain Following the McKenzie Evaluation to Rule Out Discogenic Pain Interventions Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Sacroiliac Region Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Sacroiliac Region Using QUADAS References 6 Hip and Pelvis Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Muscles Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh Anterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings Diagnostic Utility: Hip Pain, Osteoarthritis, and Acetabular Labral Tears Physical Examination Tests Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Determining Capsular and Noncapsular End Feels Diagnostic Utility of Cyriax’s Capsular Pattern for Detecting Osteoarthritis Diagnostic Utility of Pain and Limited Range of Motion Diagnostic Utility of Limited Range of Motion for Detecting Avascular Necrosis Diagnostic Utility of Limited Hip Abduction for Detecting Developmental Dysplasia in Infants Assessing Muscle Strength Reliability of Detecting Pain or Weakness during Resisted Tests Diagnostic Utility of Pain or Weakness for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathologic Conditions Reliability of the Trendelenburg Test Diagnostic Utility of the Trendelenburg Test for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathology Assessing Muscle Length Reliability of Tests for Iliotibial Band Length Reliability of the Thomas Test for Hip Flexor Contracture Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length Functional Movement Assessments Forward Step-Down Test Reliability of the Forward Step-Down Test Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Functional Movement Assessments Palpation Reliability of Pain with Palpation Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Palpation for Intraarticular Hip Pain Special Tests Reliability of the Patrick (FABER) Test Diagnostic Utility of the Patrick (FABER) Test Reliability of Special Tests for Detecting Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Detecting Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions Diagnostic Utility of the Patellar-Pubic-Percussion Test for Detecting Hip Fractures Reliability of Balance Tests Combinations of Tests Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Osteoarthritis Interventions Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Primary Hip Osteoarthritis Likely to Benefit from Physical Therapy Intervention Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Hip and Pelvis Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Hip and Pelvis Using QUADAS References 7 Knee Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Muscles Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings Assessing Subjective Questions in Patients with Osteoarthritis Reliability of the Meniscal Symptom Index in Patients with Meniscal Tear Diagnostic Utility of Meniscal Symptom Index in Patients with Meniscal Tears Diagnostic Utility of Patient History: Meniscal and MCL Tears and Effusion Physical Examination Tests Screening Reliability of the Ottawa Knee Rule for Radiography Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Knee Rule for Radiography Reliability of the Pittsburgh Decision Rule for Radiography Diagnostic Utility of the Pittsburgh Decision Rule for Radiography Reliability of Detecting Inflammation Reliability of the Stroke Test for Identifying Knee Joint Effusion Diagnostic Utility of the Ballottement Test for Identifying Knee Joint Effusion Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Determining Capsular and Noncapsular End Feels Reliability of Assessing Pain during Range-of-Motion Movements Assessing Strength Reliability of Strength Assessment Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Detecting Strength Deficits Assessing Muscle Length Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length Assessing Bony Alignment Reliability of Assessment of Mediolateral Patellar Tilt Reliability of Assessment of Patellar Orientation Reliability of Assessing Superoinferior Patellar Tilt Reliability of Assessing Patellar Rotation Reliability of Patellar Mobility in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of Patellar Mobility in Identifying Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Reliability of Assessing Quadriceps Angle Measurements Reliability of Assessing the Angle between the Longitudinal Axis of the Patella and the Patellar Tendon (A Angle) Reliability of the Lateral Pull Test to Assess Patellar Alignment Palpation Reliability of Pain during Palpation Diagnostic Utility of Joint Line Tenderness Diagnostic Utility of Joint Line Fullness Special Tests Reliability of the Lachman Test Diagnostic Utility of the Lachman Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Reliability of the Anterior Drawer Test Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Drawer Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Pivot Shift Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Loss-of-Extension Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Reliability of Varus and Valgus Stress Tests Diagnostic Utility of Valgus Stress for Identifying Medial Collateral Ligament Tears Reliability of the McMurray Test Diagnostic Utility of the McMurray Test Diagnostic Utility of the Apley Test Diagnostic Utility of Other Tests for Identifying Meniscal Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Thessaly Test for Identifying Meniscal Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Moving Patellar Apprehension Test for Identifying Patellar Instability Combinations of Tests Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Diagnosing Meniscal Tears Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Diagnosing Pathologic Conditions of the Knee Other Than Meniscal Tears Interventions Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Response to Foot Orthoses and Activity Modification Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Short-Term Response to Hip Mobilizations Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Likely to Benefit from Foot Orthoses Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Knee Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Knee Using QUADAS References 8 Foot and Ankle Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Posterior Ankle Ligaments Lateral Ankle Ligaments Medial Ankle Ligaments Plantar Foot Ligaments Muscles Lateral Muscles of Leg Lateral Muscles of Leg Posterior Muscles of Leg Muscles of Dorsum of Foot First Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot Second Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot Third Layer of Muscles: Sole of Foot Deep Interosseous Muscles: Sole of Foot Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings Physical Examination Tests Screening Evaluation Following Acute Ankle Trauma Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Ankle Rule for Radiography Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements of Calcaneal Position Assessing Strength Reliability of Strength Assessment Diagnostic Utility of the Paper Grip Test for Detecting Toe Plantarflexion Strength Deficits Assessing Bony Alignment Measurement of Navicular Height Assessment of Medial Arch Height Measuring Forefoot Position Assessing Balance and Dynamic Performance Reliability of Assessing Balance and Proprioception Reliability of Assessing Dynamic Performance Assessing Foot Motion during Gait Reliability of Assessing Hindfoot Motion during Gait Accuracy of the Functional Hallux Limitus Test to Predict Abnormal Excessive Midtarsal Function during Gait Assessing Swelling Reliability of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling Assessing Sensation Reliability of Assessing Protective Sensation Special Tests Detecting Subcutaneous Tears of the Achilles Tendon Detecting Syndesmotic Injury Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement Detecting Joint Instability after Lateral Ankle Sprain Detecting Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Reliability of the Windlass Test Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Foot and Ankle Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies for the Foot and Ankle Using QUADAS References 9 Shoulder Untitled Clinical Summary and Recommendations Figure 9-1Anterior humerus and scapula. Figure 9-2Superior and inferior surfaces of clavicle. Figure 9-3Sternoclavicular joint. Figure 9-6Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Scapulohumeral Rhythm Figure 9-4Scapulohumeral rhythm. Ligaments Figure 9-5Shoulder ligaments: anterior view. Muscles Posterior Muscles of Shoulder Figure 9-7Muscles of the shoulder: posterior view. Anterior Muscles of Shoulder Figure 9-8Muscles of the shoulder: anterior view. Rotator Cuff Muscles Figure 9-9Muscles of the shoulder: rotator cuff. Nerves Figure 9-10Anterior axilla. Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Labrum and Rotator Cuff Tears Figure 9-12Hand behind back (functional internal rotation of shoulder test). Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Labrum and Rotator Cuff Tears Physical Examination Tests Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Functional Range-of-Motion Tests Assessing Strength and Proprioception Reliability of Assessing Strength Reliability of Assessing Proprioception Assessing Muscle Length Reliability of Determining Length of Pectoralis Minor Muscle Diagnostic Utility of a Tight Pectoralis Minor Muscle in Identifying Shoulder Pain Reliability of Palpating the Subacromial Space Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Labral Tears Assessing Alignment Reliability of Assessing Scapular Asymmetry during Static and Dynamic Activity Reliability of Assessing Clavicular Tilt Angle Reliability of Assessing Thoracic Kyphosis Classifying Shoulder Disorders Reliability of Classifying Shoulder Disorders Special Tests—Instability Reliability of Tests to Identify Shoulder Instability Diagnostic Utility of the Apprehension Test in Identifying Shoulder Instability Diagnostic Utility of the Apprehension and Relocation Tests in Identifying Shoulder Instability Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Drawer Test in Identifying Shoulder Instability Special Tests—Labral Tears Reliability of the Crank Test Diagnostic Utility of the Crank Test in Identifying Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Compression Rotation Test in Identifying Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Speed Test in Identifying Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Lesions Reliability of the Active Compression/O’Brien Test Diagnostic Utility of the Active Compression/O’Brien Test Diagnostic Utility of the Yergason Test in Identifying Labral Tears Reliability of the Anterior Slide Test/Kibler Test Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Slide Test/Kibler Test in Identifying Labral Tears Reliability of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Kim Test in Identifying Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of the Biceps Load Test in Identifying Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears Special Tests—Subacromial Impingement Reliability of the Hawkins-Kennedy Test Diagnostic Utility of the Hawkins-Kennedy Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Reliability of the Neer Test Diagnostic Utility of the Neer Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Reliability of the Painful Arc Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of the Painful Arc Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Reliability of the Drop-Arm Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of the Drop-Arm Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Reliability of the Empty Can Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of the Empty Can Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of the Lift-Off Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Reliability of Various Tests in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of Various Tests in Identifying Subacromial Impingement Diagnostic Utility of the Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test in Differentiating Subacromial Impingement from Intraarticular Pathologic Conditions Special Tests—Rotator Cuff Tears Reliability of Special Tests for Identifying Supraspinatus and/or Infraspinatus Tears Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Supraspinatus and/or Infraspinatus Tears Reliability of Special Tests for Identifying Subscapularis Tears Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Subscapularis Tears Special Tests—Brachial Plexus Palsy Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Nerve Root Avulsion in People with Brachial Plexus Palsy Special Tests—Acromioclavicular Lesions Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Acromioclavicular Lesions Special Tests—Adhesive Capsulitis Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests for Identifying Adhesive Capsulitis Combinations of Tests Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Glenoid Labral Tears Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying SLAP Lesions Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Type II to IV SLAP Lesions Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Subacromial Impingement Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Shoulder Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Shoulder Using QUADAS References 10 Elbow and Forearm Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Elbow Forearm Muscles Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm Supinators and Pronators of the Forearm Nerves Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings Physical Examination Tests Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Elbow Flexion and Extension Measurements Reliability of Forearm Supination and Pronation Measurements End-Feel Classification Reliability of Classification According to End Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension Assessing Strength Reliability of Grip Strength Testing in Patients with Lateral Epicondylalgia Special Tests Indication of Bony or Joint Injury Detecting Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Detecting Medial Collateral Tears Detecting Complete Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Interventions Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting a Favorable Short-Term Response to Mobilization with Movement and Exercise in Patients with Lateral Epicondylalgia Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Elbow and Forearm Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Elbow and Forearm Using QUADAS References 11 Hand Clinical Summary and Recommendations Anatomy Osteology Arthrology Ligaments Palmar Ligaments of the Wrist Posterior Ligaments of the Wrist Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments Muscles Extensor Muscles of the Wrist and Digits Flexor Muscles of the Wrist and Digits Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Nerves Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve Radial Nerve Patient History Initial Hypotheses Based on the Patient History Reliability of the Historical Examination Diagnostic Utility of Patient History in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Physical Examination Tests Screening Diagnostic Utility of Tests in Identifying Scaphoid Fractures (see Fig. 11-15) Diagnostic Utility of Hand Symptom Diagrams in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of Tests in Identifying Scaphoid Fractures Reliability of Hand Symptom Diagrams in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Acute Pediatric Wrist Fractures: Clinical Prediction Rule Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Wrist Range-of-Motion Measurements Reliability of Finger and Thumb Range-of-Motion Measurements Assessing Strength Intraexaminer Reliability of Assessing Strength Intraexaminer Reliability of Assessing Strength Diagnostic Utility of Weakness in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Assessing Wrist Anthropometry Reliability of Measuring Wrist Anthropometry Diagnostic Utility of Wrist Anthropometry in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Assessing Swelling Reliability of Assessing Swelling Testing Sensation Reliability of Sensory Testing Diagnostic Utility of Diminished Sensation in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of Diminished Sensation in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Special Tests Reliability of the Tinel Sign Diagnostic Utility of the Tinel Sign in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Reliability of the Phalen Test Diagnostic Utility of the Phalen Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Reliability of the Carpal Compression Test Diagnostic Utility of the Carpal Compression Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of the Hand Elevation Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of Using a Questionnaire in Predicting the Results of Nerve Conduction Tests for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Reliability of Upper Limb Tension Tests Diagnostic Utility of Upper Limb Tension Tests in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests in Identifying Carpal Instability Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests in Identifying de Quervain Tenosynovitis Reliability of Miscellaneous Special Tests Diagnostic Utility of Miscellaneous Special Tests Combinations of Tests Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Prediction Rule Scaphoid Fracture: Clinical Prediction Rule Outcome Measures Appendix Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies for the Hand Using QAREL Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Hand Using QUADAS References Inside Back Cover 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12