Cultural Interactions During the Zhou Period (c. 1000-350 BC): A Study of Networks from the Suizao Corridor

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&;Cultural Interactions during the Zhou Period (c. 1000-350 BC): A study of networks from the Suizao corridor&; examines cultural interactions during the Zhou period of China (c. 1000- 350 BCE) between the Suizao corridor (near the present-day Yangtze River region) and its contemporaries within or outside the Zhou realm. It concentrates mainly, but not exclusively, on bronze ritual vessels from the Suizao corridor, and discusses the underlying social and political relations between the dominant cultures and the regional ones in this particular area (the Zeng state for example), which are central to understanding the ways in which the dominant cultures joined their disparate territories into a whole. Newly excavated archaeological evidence show that there were at least three periods when people in the corridor learned about the current traditions employed elsewhere, which are: 1) Yejiashan period (from the 11th to the 10th century BCE); 2) post-Ritual Reform period (from the mid-9th to the mid-7th century BCE); and 3) Marquis Yi&;s period (from the mid- 6th to the mid-4th century BCE). In these periods, local people were involved in networks of enormous and constantly changing complexity, in which people, objects, practices, and ideas were mixed together through inter-regional contacts. The choices of local people in adopting foreign materials and ideas from either the dominant cultures or other places depended heavily on the subjective view of their social identity, which can be constructed, maintained, or transited to adapt to different social and political environments. Cover Copyright Page Contents Page List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Chapter I Introduction 1. Social background 2. Archaeological background 3. Geographical background 4. Literature review 5. Research approach 6. Research framework 7. Chapter outline Figure 1. Distribution of important sites dated to the Shang and Zhou period. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 2. Distribution of the main locations of Jī lineages and non-Jī lineages in the Zhou period. After Khayutina 2014, map I. Figure 3. Layout of the main tombs and chariot/horse pits of the Jin marquis cemetery. Redrawn after Beijingdaxue kaogu wenbo xueyuan and Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 2001: fig. 1. Figure 4. Profile and chamber layout of M62 in the Jin marquis cemetery. Redrawn after Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo and Beijingdaxue kaoguxi 1994a: figs. 9 and 10. Figure 5. Profile and chamber layout of Zhuyuangou M13. Redrawn after Lu Liancheng and Hu Zhisheng 1988: figs. 33 and 34. Figure 6. Bird’s eye view of a waist pit and a sacrificial dog inside Dahekou M2139. Redrawn after Xie Yaoting 2012: 15. Figure 7. Profile and chamber layout of Shigushan M3. Redrawn after Shigushan kaogudui 2013: figs. 3 and 11. Figure 8. Bird’s eye view of Hengshui M2 and Dahekou M1. Redrawn after Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo et al. 2006b: pl. 5.3, and Xie Yaoting 2012: 27. Figure 10. Liulihe tomb M1193 and its four ‘sloping ramps’. Redrawn after Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo and Beijing shi wenwu yanjiusuo Liulihe kaogudui 1990: pl. 1.1. Figure 9. Dahekou tomb M1 and its four inclined tunnels. Redrawn after Xie Yaoting 2012: 17-18. Figure 11. Layout and major burials of the Yejiashan cemetery. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 12. Figure 12. Layout and major burials of Guojiamiao cemetery. Redrawn after Xiangfan shi kaogudui et al. 2005: fig. 3. Figure 13. Layout of Wenfengta cemetery. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2013: fig. 1. Figure 14. Local river network in the Suizao corridor, and three zones of the main Zeng burials in Zhou period. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 15. General map of the arc of territory. Redrawn after Tong Enzheng 1986: 19. Figure 16. Map of extended river network. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 17. A sketch of general river network. Drawn based on Figure 16, by Beichen Chen. Figure 18. Early documented Zeng bronzes: Zeng-shi-ji-X pan. Redrawn after Xue Shanggong 1986: 332-333. Figure 19. Early documented Zeng bronzes: a) Zeng bo fu; b) Zeng zhong pan. Redrawn after Ruan Yuan 1937: 69-70, and 107. Figure 20. Excavated Sui bronzes: Sui dasima Jiayou zhi xing ge (Wenfengta M21: 1). Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2014a: fig. 45 (scale is not provided). Figure 21. Collected Sui bronzes: Sui zhong mi jia ding. Redrawn after Cao Jinyan 2011: figs. 1 and 2 (scale is not provided). Figure 22. A comparison of rounded ding. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2011a: fig 62.1; Beijing shi wenwu yanjiusuo 1995: fig. 76.a; Lu Liancheng and Hu Zhisheng 1988: fig. 36.1. Figure 23. A comparison of flamboyant style bronzes. Redrawn after Wang Jiayou 1961: pl. 1; Suizhou shi bowuguan 2009: no. 35; Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 217; Lu Liancheng and Hu Zhisheng 1988: figs. 19 and 79. Figure 24. A comparison of matching sets of ding vessel. Redrawn after Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Sanmenxia shi wenwu gongzuodui 1999: fig. 22.1; Beijingdaxue kaoguxi and Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 1995: fig. 37.3; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yan Figure 25. Suizao bronzes with southern traditions. Redrawn after Tan Weisi 2003: 117-118; Hubei sheng bowuguan 2007: 38 and 43; Anhui sheng wenwu guanli weiyuanhui 1956: fig. 13; and Henan sheng wenwu yanjiusuo et al. 1991: fig. 49. Figure 26. Suizao bronzes with northern traditions. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan 1989: M1-C65; Taiyuan shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2004: 25; and private photos took on 21 September 2012 by Beichen Chen. Figure 27. Location of major sites in the Suizao corridor around 11th century BC. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 28. Key features on E flamboyant style bronzes – (a) human-eyed animal masks; (b) hooked flanges and variations; and (c) underside bells. Redrawn after Suizhou shi bowuguan 2009: nos. 31, 32, and 35; and images of E Hou gui in Shanghai Museum, view Figure 29. Distribution of major burials of Zeng lords and their consorts in Yejiashan site, and key features of their burial practice. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 12. Figure 30. Key features on Zeng flamboyant bronzes – (a) Imaginary animal-shaped lids on lei; (b) T-shaped flanges on lei; (c) projecting horns on he and lei; d) underside bells on lei and gui; and e) special-shaped weapons. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowu Figure 31. ‘New style’ of Shang casting on Xiaomintun clay moulds, and the related examples on bronzes: a) parallel lines and dragon scheme; b) triangular motif and dragon in profile; c) rectangular structure under handle. Redrawn after Li et al. 2007: fi Figure 32. ‘Yue Zi’ ding. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2011: fig. 21. Figure 33. Zhuwajie flamboyant style lei: a) animal head; and b) eyed flange. Redrawn after Chengdu wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2005: pl. I; and private photos took on 18 September 2012 by Beichen Chen. Figure 34. Flamboyant style bronzes: a) five lei and one gui from Yejiashan; and b) a set of square lei, you, and zun from Yangzishan. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 92-99, 132-135, and 216-219; Suizhou shi bowuguan 2009: nos. 31, 32, and Figure 35. Casting defects on Yejiashan M27 bronze lei: a) asymmetric animal head; b) simplified elephant trunks and spillovers. Imitated features on Yangzishan set: c) eyed flange; d) pinstripe eyebrows. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 13 Figure 36. Bronze vessels with underside bells: a) five gui from Shaanxi Baoji; b) two gui from Shanxi Yicheng; c) three gui from Hubei Suizhou; d) four lei from Hubei Suizhou. Redrawn after Lu Liancheng and Hu Zhisheng 1988: pls. iv, v, and xix; Yan Hong Figure 37. Bronze gu with an underside bell. Redrawn after Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji bianji weiyuanhui 1998: no.65; and Xie Qingshan and Yang Shaoshun 1960: 51. Figure 38. Rings and sign of use on Yejiashan M111 metropolitan bronze lei vessel. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 136-137. Figure 39. Rings and underside bells on Yejiashan M27 bronze lei. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 216-219; and private photos took on 17 September 2014 by Beichen Chen. Figure 40. Identical designed Shang and Zhou vessels: Fu Yi ding (M2: 4), and Zeng hou Jian ding (M2: 5). Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: 170, and 175. Figure 41. Seven lei vessels with similar decorative motifs. Redrawn after Wang Jiayou 1961: figs. 1, 2, and 5; Zhongguo kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo et al. 1974: fig. 4 and pl. I; Chengdu wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2005: pl. 1v; and Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2 Figure 42. Rubbings of animal masks and dragons in profile on related lei. Redrawn after Wang Jiayou 1961: figs. 1, 2, and 5; Zhongguo kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo et al. 1974: fig. 4 (part of the rubbings are redrawn based on direct observations by Beichen Figure 43. Distribution of the reported Zeng sites in the Suizao corridor, dated between mid-9th and mid-7th century BC. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 44. Bronze matching sets of ding and gui vessels found at Sujialong tomb M1 (1966). Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2007: 11-47. Figure 45. Bronze matching sets of gui vessels found at Sujialong tomb M2. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2011: fig. 3. Figure 46. Layout of the Sujialong site: 1) 1966 Sujialong (marked by a dark triangle); and 2008 Sujialong M2. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2011: fig. 1. Figure 47. Layout of the Guojiamiao cemetery. Redrawn after Xiangfan shi kaogudui et al. 2005: fig. 3. Figure 48. Burial assemblages in Guojiamiao cemetery: a) 2 ding vessels and a damaged leg of ding from GM17; b) a set of bells from GM21; and c) a bronze yue from GM21. Redrawn after Xiangfan shi kaogudui et al. 2005: figs. 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 5 Figure 49. Drawings of a selection of ritual bronzes of the four generations of the Wei clan, buried in Zhuangbai Hoard no.1: a) the Zhe vessels; b) the Feng vessels; c) the Qiang vessels; d) the Xing vessels. Redrawn after Rawson 1989: figs. 5 and 6. Figure 50. A comparison of the burial assemblages from Yejiashan M28 and Sujialong M1 (1966). Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2007: 11-47; and Hubei sheng bowuguan 2013: 52-102. Figure 51. A comparison of the burial assemblages from Sujialong M1 (1966) and Sanmenxia M2001. Redrawn after Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Sanmenxia shi wenwu gongzuodui 1999: 30-79; and Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2007: 11-47. Figure 52. A scatter plot of the height data of ding sets from Zhouyuan hoards, and the major male burials in the state cemetery of Guo, Jin, Ying, Zeng, and Rui. Drawn on the basis of the data from Table 3-2 and 3-3 by Beichen Chen. Figure 53. Four ding vessels with the height of 30 cm ± 0.7 cm. Redrawn based on Cao Wei 2005: 159; Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 1999: 37; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2007: 16; and Beijingdaxue kaoguxi and Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 1995: 28. Figure 54: A comparison of ling and zhong: a) two sets of ling from Guojiamiao M21; b) a set of zhong from Shangcunling M2001. Redrawn after Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Sanmenxia shi wenwu gongzuodui 1999: 30-79; and Xiangfan shi kaogudui et al. Figure 55: Seven bronze ling with raised lines of animal masks from Rujiazhuang M1. Redrawn after Lu Liancheng and Hu Zhisheng 1988: pl. CLXXI. Figure 56: The whole 65 zhong chime with two sticks (a), and six hammers (b) excavated from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan 1989: figs. 37 and 58. Figure 57: Reconstruction of a wooden chime-bell stand from Caomenwan M1 in the Guojiamiao cemetery. Redrawn after Fang Qin and Hu Gang: pl. 5. Figure 58: Three versions of character Zeng in different periods. Redrawn after Zhang Changping 2009: 362. Figure 59: Inscriptions on the late Western Zhou Yu ding. Redrawn after Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo 1984: 233. Figure 60: Location of major sites in the Suizao corridor around 11th century BC. Drawn by Beichen Chen. Figure 61: A general map of the Leigudun cemetery and the surrounding areas. Redrawn after Suizhou shi bowuguan 2008: 3. Figure 62: Layout of the Leigudun M1. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan 1989: figs. 5, 32, 35 and 36. Figure 63: A nine-part set of Chu style ding from the Leigudun M1. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan 1989: fig. 96. Figure 64: A set of 65 chime-bells from the Leigudun M1. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan 1989: figs. 47, 48, 49, 56, and pl. 3. Figure 65: A general map of the Wenfengta cemetery. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2013: fig. 1. Figure 66: Tomb structure of Wenfengta M18. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2014: figs. 2, 3, and 4. Figure 67: A bronze pan from Wenfengta M33. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2014: fig. 32 (no scale information is provided). Figure 68: An incomplete set of seven chime-bells from Wenfengta M1 (excluding M1: 2, M1: 9, and M1: 10 due to fragmentations that are beyond repair). Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2014: unnumbered figure inside Figure 69: Drawings of ten chime-bells from Wenfengta M1. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2014: figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and pls. 34, 61, 63. Figure 70: The yong zhong M1: 1 and its 169 characters of inscriptions from Wenfengta M1. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan 2014: figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Figure 71: Key features of the Chu style on Xiasi bronzes. Redrawn after Henan sheng wenwu yanjiusuo 1991: figs. 93, 106, and 63, and pls. VI, VIII, IV. Figure 72: Bronze hu with repetitive motifs. Drawn by Beichen Chen, after private photos took on 31 January 2012 by Beichen Chen. Figure 73: Bronze yong zhong and their shanks (and moulds) from Luhe M7, Houma bronze casting foundry, Leigudun M1, and Wenfengta M1. Redrawn after Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 1986: fig. 21; Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 1993: fig. 66; Hubei sheng bowugua Figure 74: Lost-wax-related Eastern Zhou bronzes: a) zun-pan from Leigudun M1; b) jin from Xichuan M2; and c) openwork on the jin. Redrawn after Tokyo National Museum 1992: no. 33; images of the Xiasi bronze jin in Henan Museum (section of online collecti Figure 75: Openwork of a bronze pan from Wenfengta M33. Redrawn after Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 2014: fig. 32; and private photos took at the Suizhou Museum on 17 September 2014, by Beichen Chen. Figure 76: Openwork of a bronze pan from Leigudun M1. Redrawn after Tokyo National Museum 1992: no. 33; and private photos took at the Hubei Provincial Museum on 02 July 2012, by Beichen Chen. Figure 77: The bo zhong with four tigers and the chime of yong zhong from Yejiashan M111. Redrawn after Hubei sheng bowuguan et al. 2013: nos. 68, and 137 (no scale information is provided). Chapter II Yejiashan Period 1. Major archaeological sites 2. Production and circulation of bronzes 3. Independent production 4. Trade and exchange activities 5. Identity construction 6. Conclusion Table 1. Burial complexes from the burials dated to early Western Zhou period. Chapter III Post-Ritual Reform Period 1. Major archaeological sites 2. Ritual Reform 3. Matching set of ritual vessels 4. Bells and sound 5. Identity maintenance 6. Conclusion Table 2. Burial complexes from the burials in the Suizao corridor dated to the periods of late Western Zhou and mid-Spring-and-Autumn. Table 3. Rim diameter and height data of the sets of ding listed in table 2. Table 4. Rim diameter and height data of matching sets of ding from contemporary tombs/hoards in Zhouyuan, Guo state, Jin state, Ying state, and Rui state. Table 5. Drawings and height data of ling-zhong sets from Guojiamiao M21, and sets from contemporary tombs/hoards in Zhouyuan, Jin state, and Guo state. Chapter IV Marquis Yi’s Period 1. Major archaeological sites 2. The state of Chu 3. Zeng resemblances to Chu 4. How Zeng differed from Chu 5. Identity transition 6. Conclusion Table 6. Burial complexes in the burials dated to the periods of late Spring-and-Autumn and mid-Warring States. Chapter V Conclusion Bibliography