Inventory of Energy Subsidies in the EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries

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Intro Table of contents Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Executive summary Chapter 1. Overview of energy subsidies in the EaP countries Why do energy subsidies matter? Energy subsidies in the European Union's Eastern Partnership countries Subsidy identification and estimation methodology Definition and classification of subsidies Figure 1.1. The nesting doll of subsidy definitions and scope of this study Table 1.1. Typology of subsidies National subsidy definitions in the EaP countries Table 1.2. What do EaP countries include in the national definition of subsidies?Two approaches to subsidy quantification: price-gap and inventory Box 1.1. Main approaches to subsidy quantification Government support for fossil-fuel production and consumption Quantified fossil-fuel subsidies in the EaP countries Table 1.3. Quantified fossil-fuel subsidies in the EaP countries, USD million Figure 1.2. General government deficit and quantified fossil-fuel subsidies as % of GDP in 2014 Figure 1.3. Quantified fossil-fuel subsidies in the EaP countries by fuel in 2014, USD million Price-gap approach to estimating gas subsidiesTable 1.4. Price-gap estimates of subsidies to natural gas consumers in the EaP countries in 2015 Table 1.5. Energy-efficiency and renewable energy subsidies in the EaP countries, USD million Government support to energy efficiency and renewable energy sources Political economy and energy subsidy reform in the EaP countries Benefits from energy subsidy reform Box 1.2. Turning subsidies into energy-efficiency investments in Ukraine Need for transparency over energy subsidies in the EaP countries Elements of preparing for energy subsidy reform and impact on energy affordabilityFigure 1.4. A holistic approach to energy subsidy reform Box 1.3. Energy subsidy reform and energy affordability in Moldova Figure 1.5. Impact of various scenarios for increasing VAT on heat consumption, expressed as a percentage of household income in Moldova Figure 1.6. Complementary policies for managing impacts of energy subsidy reform Macroeconomic situation in the EaP countries Table 1.6. Key economic indicators of the EaP countries in 2015 Box 1.4. Eurasian Economic Union and its implications for energy markets in Armenia and BelarusFigure 1.7. Structure of the economy, % of GDP in 2015 Figure 1.8. GDP per capita, purchasing power parity (current international USD) The energy sector and its main reforms Box 1.5. Energy mix in the EaP countries Ownership Figure 1.9. Total primary energy supply of EaP countries in 2014, million tonnes of oil equivalent Figure 1.10. Energy productivity in EaP countries, GDP per unit of energy use, constant 2011 PPP USD per kg of oil equivalent Energy pricing policies