The SAGE Encyclopedia of Leadership Studies

Description

Leadership Studies is a multi-disciplinary academic exploration of the various aspects of how people get along, and how together they get things done. The fields that contribute to leadership studies include history, political science, psychology, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, literature, and behavioral economics. Leadership Studies is also about the ethical dimensions of human behavior. The discipline considers what leadership has been in the past (the historical view), what leadership actually looks like in the present (principally from the perspectives of the behavioral sciences and political science), and what leadership should be (the ethical perspective). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Leadership Studies will present both key concepts and research illuminating leadership and many of the most important events in human history that reveal the nuances of leadership, good and bad. Entries will include topics such as power, charisma, identity, persuasion, personality, social intelligence, gender, justice, unconscious conceptions of leadership, leader-follower relationships, and moral transformation. 9781071840832_WEB_Vol 1 Cover Half Title Page Editorial Board Title Page Copyright Contents List of Entries Reader’s Guide Contributors Introduction A Ableism Definition What Is Disability? Types of Ableism Consequences of Ableism Recommendations Further Readings Accountability Why Leaders Are Held Accountable How Leaders Are Held Accountable Further Readings Actor–Network Theory Actor–Network Theory: The Basics Actor–Network Theory as a Way of Understanding Leaders Actor–Network Theory as a Way of Understanding Leadership Actor–Network Theory and Leadership: Reservations and Hope Further Readings Adam Smith and Leadership The Enlightenment Worldview Sympathy Socialization Judgment Self-Control Public Policy Trade and Globalization Limited Government Invisible Hand Moral and Institutional Transformation Politicians Versus Statesmen Further Readings Adaptive Leadership How Adaptive Leadership Entered the Lexicon of Leadership Studies Key Ideas Authority Versus Leadership Adaptive Leadership Technical Versus Adaptive Work Managing Disequilibrium Diagnosing Stakeholder Values Critiques of Adaptive Leadership Further Readings Aesthetic Leadership What Does the Term Aesthetic Mean in Relation to Leadership? Connecting Aesthetics and Leadership Artful Leading What Does Aesthetic Leadership Offer Leadership Theorizing More Generally? Further Readings Age and Leadership Leader Age and Effectiveness Leader Age and Innovation Leader Age and Emotional Maturity Age and Transformational Leadership Leader Age and Status Leader Age and Diversity Policies Further Readings Alienation Interpretations of Alienation in Different Fields Literature Theology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Critiques of Alienation Researching Alienation Leadership and Alienation Further Readings Altruism Altruism in the Laboratory The Elusive Question of Motives Altruism in Organizations Altruism and Ethics The Mindful Altruist Beyond Altruism Versus Egoism Further Readings Appearance Facial Appearance of Leadership Emergence and Effectiveness Facial Appearance and Political Leadership Evolutionary Contingency Hypothesis Female, Minority, and Non-Western Leadership Further Readings Atatürk and the Turkish Transformation Kemal's Early Life World War I and the Struggle for Turkish Independence The New Republic and the 1926 Civil Code Reform, Resistance, and the Legacy of Leadership Further Readings Authentic Leadership Authenticity Defining Authentic Leadership Antecedents and Outcomes of Authentic Leadership Measurement of Authentic Leadership The Case for and Against Authentic Leadership Final Remarks Further Readings Autocratic Leadership The Nature of Autocratic Leadership Outcomes of Autocratic Leadership Further Readings B Bad Leadership Definition and Measurement Reasons for the Growing Interest Reasons and Remedies Tasks for Further Research Further Readings Bathsheba Syndrome Ludwig and Longenecker's Account Alternative Approaches to the Moral Psychology of Leadership Further Readings Behavioral Economics Behavioral Economics Compared With Neoclassical Economics Data and Methodology in Behavioral Economics Laboratory Experiments Public Goods Game (PGG) Field Data and Experiments Nudges Behavioral Economics and Leadership Further Readings Behavioral Theories of Leadership The Ohio State Studies The University of Michigan Studies Limitations of the Behavioral Theories Contributions of the Behavioral Theories of Leadership Further Readings Big Five Personality Traits The Big Five Traits Measures of the Big Five Subtraits Research on the Big Five Traits Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to Experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness Workplace Research on the Big Five Traits The Big Five Traits and Leadership General Factor of Personality Theoretical Limitations of the Big Five Model Conclusion Further Readings Big Six of the Civil Rights Movement A. Philip Randolph and the Labor Movement Congress of Racial Equality: CORE National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Urban League: NUL Southern Christian Leadership Conference: SCLC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: SNCC Further Readings Biology of Leadership Mapping Leadership Attributes Onto Brain Areas and Circuits The Neurochemistry of Leadership Leader–Follower Neural Coupling Modulation of Leadership-Induced Stress Responses Further Readings Black Lives Matter and Leadership Origins of Black Lives Matter Galvanization of Black Lives Matter in 2020 Further Readings Board Leadership Leadership in the Boardroom The Lead Director and Nonexecutive Chair Models of Leadership How the Board Chairman Behavior Influences Leadership and Teamwork Boardrooms: A Challenging Environment to Share Leadership Final Remarks Further Readings Bureaucracy Defining Bureaucracy How Bureaucracy Comes About Bounded Rationality Models of Bureaucracies Static, Persistent Model Dynamic Model Implications for Leadership Further Readings C Caring Leadership Care Ethics Leading With Care Leading Without Care Final Thoughts Further Readings CEO Hubris Hubris and Narcissism Positive and Negative Manifestations of Hubris Concluding Remarks Further Readings Change and Leadership Leadership and Leaders of Change Change Requires Leadership and Management The Path Forward Further Readings Charismatic Leadership The Alchemy of Charisma The Scientific Study of Charisma Future Directions Further Readings Charismatic Theory Origins of Charismatic Leadership as a Construct Early Theoretical Frameworks of Charismatic Leadership Charismatic Leadership as a Dynamic Stage Model Stage One: The Charismatic Leader's Search for Opportunities Stage Two: Formulating and Articulating the Future Vision Stage Three: Achieving the Future Vision Liabilities of Charismatic Leadership Further Readings CIP Model of Leadership Sensemaking and Leadership Mental Models Origins of CIP Styles: Formation of Mental Models The CIP Theory of Leadership Charismatic Pathway Ideological Pathway Pragmatic Pathway Mixed Pathway Research on CIP Theory Limitations and Future of the CIP Theory Further Readings Civil Rights Movement The Jim Crow South Brown v. the Board of Education and a Burgeoning Movement Rosa Parks Starts a Revolution The Montgomery Bus Boycott King and His Influence on the Movement The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Malcom X and His Influence on the Movement The Movement After the March Further Readings Climate Change and Leadership Climate Change Consensus as Leadership Youth as Leadership Silos as Leadership Further Readings Coalitions Making Coalitions Work Collective Action Problems Constructing Coalitions Coalition Maintenance Coalitions, Compromise, Commitment, and Collective Capacity Further Readings Coercive Management The Complexity of Terminology Evolutionary and Developmental Theories Traits and Emotional Behaviors Impact on Organizations and Employees Further Readings Cognitive Biases in Leadership The Nature of Cognitive Bias Critical Cognitive Biases in Leadership Conservative Biases Information Processing Biases Egocentric Biases Further Readings Cognitive Dissonance Theory Foundations of Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognitive Discrepancy and Dissonance Dissonance and Discrepancy Reduction Implications of Cognitive Dissonance Theory for Leaders and Followers Further Readings Collapsing Toxic Triangles Cocreation of Destructive Leadership Context Susceptible Followers Destructive Leaders Courageous Followership Follower Behaviors to Collapse Toxic Triangles Further Readings Collective Action The Problem of Collective Action Leadership as a Solution to Collective Action Problems Characteristics of Effective Collective Action Leaders Further Readings Collective Intelligence General Intelligence and Collective Intelligence Evidence of Collective Intelligence Smart Groups or Groups of Smart People? When Expertise Fails Factors Associated With Collective Intelligence Further Readings Collective Leadership Conceptual Frameworks Social Identity Outcomes of Collective Leadership Developing Collective Leadership The Role of Formal Leaders Final Remarks Further Readings Collective Responsibility Responsible Leadership Collective Leadership Bridging Collective and Responsible Further Readings Communication Models of Communication Management vs. Leadership Communication Strategies for Leaders Further Readings Community Leadership Key Concepts in a Community Perspective on Leadership Individualism Sense of Belonging Friendships and Social Networks Concluding Remarks Further Readings Community Wealth Building Origins of Community Wealth Building as a Concept Practical Applications Future Trends and Possibilities: Community Wealth Building as Policy Paradigm Further Readings Complexity Leadership Theory Leading in Complexity Adaptive and Order Responses Enabling Adaptive Responses The CLT Adaptive Process The Complexity Leadership Model Complexity Leadership and Followership Mindsets and Skills Collaboration Mindset Adaptive Mindset Emergence Mindset Outcomes Mindset Further Readings Conformity Classic Conformity Studies Sherif's Studies Asch's Studies Follow-up Findings Normative and Informational Influences on Conformity Cultural Context to Conformity Groupthink Further Readings Confucian Ethics Agent-Centered Self-Refinement Role-Fulfillment as Key Way to Refine the Self Aesthetic Dimension of Virtuous Action Emphasis on Exemplary Individuals Further Readings Congressional Leadership An Institutional View of Congressional Leadership Leaders in the House of Representatives Leaders in the Senate Theories of Congressional Leadership Further Readings Connective Leadership The Achieving Styles Model The Direct Set: Acts Directly on the Situation Intrinsic Direct Competitive Direct Power Direct The Instrumental Set: Self and Others as Instruments for Achievement Personal Instrumental Social Instrumental Entrusting Instrumental The Relational Set: Achievement Through Relationships Collaborative Relational Contributory Relational Vicarious Relational Assessment Tools, Research, and Applications for Individuals and Organizations Connective Leadership Assessments Applications: Practice Beyond Theory Research Highlights on Connective Leadership Conclusion Further Readings Conspiracy Theories Methodological Note: Measurement Methodological Note: Causation Consequences of Belief in Conspiracy Theories Antecedents of Belief in Conspiracy Theories Need to Restore Control/Certainty Need to Bolster/Protect Identity Demographics/Personality Characteristics Mitigating the Spread of and Belief in Conspiracy Theories Further Readings Context-Sensitive Leader Preferences Human Followership: Default Preferences for Warm and Nondominant Leaders The Intergroup Conflict–Leader Dominance Link Individual Differences and Context-Sensitive Leader Preferences Context-Sensitivity: Sensitive to What Sort of Contexts? Conclusion Further Readings Contingency Theories Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness Cognitive Resource Theory Further Readings Cooperation How Researchers Study Cooperation and Human Behavior Why Individuals Cooperate in a Competitive World Cooperation and Leadership Further Readings Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Responsibilities to Society Fulfilling Corporate Responsibilities to Society Discretion Social Orientation The Effects of CSR on the Firm The Effects of CSR on Society Further Readings COVID-19 Pandemic Leadership Based on Shared Responsibility, Science, Equity, and Solidarity in the COVID-19 Era Shared Responsibility Science-Based Communication Equity Solidarity Conclusion Further Readings Creativity and Leadership Leadership Leading the Work Leading the Team Leading the Firm Further Readings Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership The Paradox of Innovation Leadership The Creative Engine Creative People and Process Innovation Networks Climate of Innovation Creative Spaces Further Readings Criminal Law Criminal Behavior Punishment Enforcing Criminal Law Determining Guilt Challenging the Criminal Law Further Readings Crisis Leadership The First Leadership Challenge of Crises: Decision-Making Addressing the Decision-Making Challenge The Second Leadership Challenge of Crises: Communication Addressing the Communication Challenge The Third Leadership Challenge of Crises: Collaborating With and Empowering Others Addressing the Collaboration and Empowerment Challenge Crisis Aftermath Further Readings Critical Leadership Studies Critical Perspectives on Leadership Power Inequalities Followership Conclusion Further Readings Critical Race Theory The Struggle Around Critical Race Theory Critical Race Theory Beginnings Foundational Ideas of Critical Race Theory Five Tenets of Critical Race Theory Toward a Critical Race Theory Leadership Practice Further Readings Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War Context for the Missile Crisis Finding a Peaceful Solution to the Crisis The Aftermath of the Crisis Lessons for Leadership Further Readings Cultural Differences in Leadership Styles Leadership Across Cultures: Theory and Some Results Cultural Differences in Leadership: Historical Origins, Change, and Transmission Studying Cultural Differences in Leadership Styles: Methodological Considerations Further Readings Culturally Relevant Leadership in Education Demographic Changes in American Society and K-12 Schools Culturally Relevant Pedagogy Liberatory Consciousness Pluralistic Insight Reflexive Practice Further Readings D Daoist Moral Obligations On the Concepts of De and Dao On the Principle of Moral Action: Act by Nonaction On Daoist Leadership: Lead by Following Further Readings Dark Triad Origins of the Dark Triad Components of the Dark Triad Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy Measures of the Dark Triad Leadership and the Dark Triad Further Readings Death Positivity Bias and Leadership Explanations for the Death Positivity Bias Real-World Examples of the Death Positivity Bias Phenomena Related to the Death Positivity Bias Further Readings Deception and Manipulation, Ethics of Assessing the Means of Leadership The Moral Case Against Deception Manipulation Remaining Issues Further Readings Decision-Making Theory General Approaches to Decision-Making Decision-Making and Organizational Structures Critical Self-Learning and Organizational Learning: A Popperian Perspective The Objective Knowledge Growth Framework Further Readings Democratic Leadership Democratic Leadership in Ancient Athens Aristotle and the Moderating Task of Democratic Leadership Machiavelli and the Origins of Modern Democratic Leadership Representation and Modern Democratic Leadership Executive Power and Public Opinion The Progressive View of Democratic Leadership Further Readings Deontology and Rights Deontological Theories Rights Rationalizing Deontological Rights Leadership and Deontological Rights Further Readings Destructive Leadership The Leader-Centric Perspective on Destructive Leadership The Toxic Triangle Perspective on Destructive Leadership Conclusion Further Readings Dirty Hands Key Features of the Problem Is the Problem Real? Potential Causes of the Problem Democratic Dirty Hands Further Readings Disagreement, Ethics of Social Contract Theory: Decision by Majority Vote Political Perfectionism: Decision by Experts Communitarianism and Deliberative Democracy Further Readings Discourse Ethics Introduction to Discourse Ethics Deliberative Democracy: The Extension of Discourse Ethics as a Response to Its Criticism Discourse Ethics in Organization and Leadership Theory Further Readings Distributed Leadership Emergence of Distributed Leadership Studies Categories of Distributed Leadership Benefits of Distributed Leadership Issues of Distributed Leadership Further Readings Distributive Egalitarianism The Moral Basis for Distributive Egalitarianism Strict Distributive Egalitarianism Alternatives to Strict Distributive Egalitarianism Challenges and Alternative Principles of Distributive Justice Further Readings Diversity Gender-Based Stereotypes in Leadership Race-Based Stereotypes in Leadership Consequences of Race and Gender Expectations for Leader Effectiveness Further Readings Diversity Ideologies Further Readings Dominance and Prestige Dominance and Prestige Dominance and Prestige: Two Avenues to Influence and Informal Leadership When Dominance Is a Source of Prestige Dominance and Prestige in Formal Leadership The Limits of Dominance Further Readings E Economic Justice The Rawlsian Paradigm of Distributive Justice The Moral Grounding of Rawls's View Critical Responses Further Readings Economic Recovery and Leadership Leadership Within Economic Policymaking Fiscal Policy Tax Policy Government Spending Policy Fiscal Policy and Leadership Monetary Policy Monetary Policy Tools Central Bank Independence Central Bank Credibility Identifying Shocks International Organizations Further Readings Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Levels of People in Leadership Positions Positive Effects of College Attendance on Leader Emergence and Leadership Skills Potential Problems With Equating a More Educated Leader to a More Effective Leader Further Readings Educational Leadership Mission of American Educational System The Power of Teacher Impact The Impact of School Leaders Instructional Leadership Teachers as Learning Leaders Further Readings Effective Leadership and Selflessness Exploring the Application of Science to Leadership Refocusing on the Core Activities and Skills of Effective Leaders Further Readings Effects of Power Power To Power Over Individual Differences and Situational Factors Conclusion Further Readings E-Leadership The Effect of ICTs on Leadership Leadership in Same-Place IT-Supported Meetings Leadership in Virtual Teams Leadership in the Age of Social Media Leadership in the Cloud Computing Era The Effect of Leadership on ICTs Further Readings Embodied Leadership Relational Aspects of Embodied Leadership The Leader's Body as Somatic Site Further Readings Emotion and Leadership Affective Events, Leader Emotions, and Emotional Climate Emotion Processes Emotional Contagion Cognitive Inferences Attributions About Leaders Outcomes of Leader Emotions Leader Emotional Labor and Emotion Regulation Final Thoughts Further Readings Emotional Intelligence About Emotional Intelligence Foundations of Emotional Intelligence Conceptions of EI and EQ EI Is a Broad Intelligence EI and Leadership What EI Predicts EI In Practice Can EI Be Increased? Future Directions for Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Further Readings Empathic Leadership Types of Empathy Leader Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, and Employee Well-Being Empathy and Leadership Styles Task and Relations Leadership Transformational Leadership Leader Empathy Around the World Concluding Remarks Further Readings Employee Rights Types of Employee Rights Normative Frameworks for Understanding Employee Rights The Grounding of Moral Employee Rights Further Readings Empowerment What Is Empowerment? Why Should Leaders Be Empowering? How Is Empowerment Measured? The Dark Side of Empowerment Future Research Further Readings Endogeneity and Endogenous Theorizing Endogeneity Endogenous Theorizing From Problems to Solutions: The Interplay Between Methods and Theory Further Readings Entrepreneurial Leadership Organizations, Traits, and Leader Behavior Illustrative Examples: The Martin Agency and 7-Eleven Further Readings Ethical Consumerism Politics Through the Market History of Ethical Consumerism Contested Campaigns Ethical Consumerism and Leadership Dilemmas of Leadership Lifestyle and Hypocrisy Organizations as Ethical Consumers and Leaders A Stringent Bar for Leadership? Further Readings Ethical Leadership Ethics and Perceptions Ethical Decision-Making Treatment and Selection Ethical Challenges for Leaders Concluding Remarks Further Readings Ethics and Effectiveness The Hitler Problem Ethics and Effectiveness in Leadership Studies Machiavelli and the Dirty Hands Problem How Moral Theories Unite Ethics With Effectiveness Conclusion Further Readings Evolution of Inequality Agriculture and Inequality Patrons, Clients, Leaders, and Followers Effect of Competition Among Groups on Inequality Implications for Modern Society and Other Considerations Further Readings Evolutionary Leadership Theory Evolutionary Models of Leadership and Followership Who Leads and Who Follows? The Context and Ecology of Leadership Conclusions and Implications Further Readings Executive Compensation Executive Compensation in Context Executive Compensation as a Governance Issue Executive Compensation as an Ethical Issue Further Readings Exemplary Leadership The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership Model the Way Inspire a Shared Vision Challenge the Process Enable Others to Act Encourage the Heart The Five Practices Make a Difference Further Readings F Feminine Mystique, The The Influence of The Feminine Mystique and Its Juncture With Leadership Diversity in Leadership The Limitations of The Feminine Mystique and Its Implications A First Nation's Perspective From Australia Models of Women and Leadership in the Postmodern Era Further Readings Feminism Schools of Feminist Thought Liberal Feminism Radical Feminism Socialist Feminism Intersectional Feminism Cultural Feminism Waves of Feminist Social Movement in the United States Further Readings Film and Leaders in Politics, Sports, and Society Politics and History Sports Social Justice Conclusion Further Readings Film, Television, and Social Change Leadership and Film Television Conclusion Further Readings Followership Defining Followership Leadership–Followership Co-Constructions Follower Identity Implicit Leadership Theory Leader and Follower Identity Construction Leader–Follower Coproductions Implicit Followership Theory Follower Role Orientations Toxic Illusio Practitioner-Based Perspectives on Followership Future Research Directions Further Readings Foucault and Postmodernism A Brief Introduction to Michel Foucault Foucault's Archaeological Phase Foucault's Genealogical Phase Foucault's Ethical Phase Applying Foucault's Ideas to Leadership Further Readings Foundational Lawgiving The Analysis of Foundational Lawgiving in Political Philosophy Relevance and Application: The Problem of Legislation Further Readings Full-Range Leadership Theory Breaking Down Full-Range Leadership Theory Application and Development New Approach to Leadership Further Readings G Gender Stereotypes Origins of Gender Stereotypes in Western Societies Gender Stereotypes and Professional Outcomes Gender Stereotypes and Barriers to Leadership Further Readings Glass Ceiling and the Labyrinth The Glass Ceiling The Labyrinth The Status of Women Leaders Challenges That Form the Labyrinth Domestic Responsibilities Stereotypes and Discrimination Organizational Culture Women Navigate the Labyrinth Further Readings Global Business Leadership Demise of Globalization? What Is Global Business Leadership? A Theoretical Framework for Global Leader Effectiveness Global Mindset: A Prerequisite for Effectiveness in Global Leadership Roles Exposure to Cultural Diversity as an Antecedent of Global Mindset The Role of the Leader's Own Home Culture Future Directions Further Readings Global Leadership Global Leadership Managing Complexity The Process of Global Leadership Responding to Global Challenge Leadership With Global Acuity Interconnections and Complex Systems Global Leaders as Curious Negotiators Further Readings Globalism, Nationalism, and Leadership The Tension Between the Universal and the Particular City and Empire The Nation The European Union Leadership in a More Unified and More Fragmented World Globalization and Democracy Further Readings GLOBE 2020 The GLOBE Project The Relationship Between Ideal Leadership and Country Culture Religiosity as a New Cultural Dimension Role of Gender Leadership and Interpersonal Trust Interpersonal Trust: A Cross-Cultural Perspective to Maximize Leadership Effectiveness GLOBE 2020 Survey Design Country Co-Investigators GLOBE 2020 Instrument GLOBE 2020 Sample Goals and Future Prospects Further Readings GLOBE Research Program About the GLOBE Project The Phases of GLOBE GLOBE 2020 Future GLOBE Research GLOBE and Leadership Cultural Leadership Ideals and Effectiveness Why Do CLTs Matter? GLOBE and Societal Culture Distinguishing Cultural Values From Practices Further Readings Group Effectiveness Groups Versus Individuals Improving Effectiveness Implications Further Readings Group Norms Communicating Norms Norm Enforcement and Violation Review and Revision of Norms Implications Further Readings Group Process Establishing the Group Process The Special Role of Communication Group Leader Involvement in Process Implications Further Readings Group Satisfaction Influences on Satisfaction Satisfaction and Group Composition Group Process and Satisfaction Group Modality Consequences of (Dis)satisfaction Implications Further Readings Groupthink Diagnosing Groupthink Characteristics of Groupthink Research on Groupthink Implications for Group Leaders Further Readings H Health Psychology and Leadership Positive Leadership in Health Psychology Problematic Leadership in Health Psychology Further Readings Health, Well-Being, and Leadership Leadership Styles and Health and Well-Being Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership Laissez-Faire Leadership A Comparison of Leadership Styles Work Stress and Job Burnout The Consequences of Work Stress Physical Health Consequences Mental Health Consequences Environments Where Hierarchies and Leadership Cultures Affect Well-Being Health Care Settings The Airline Industry The U.S. Military Promoting Workplace Health Workplace Wellness Programs Workplace Wellness for Leadership Further Readings Heroic Leadership Characteristics of Heroic Leadership Theories of Heroic Leadership Mental Constructions of Heroic Leadership Further Readings Higher Education Organizational Diversity Recent Trends Multiple Constituencies Increasing Specialization A Complex Legal and Policy Environment A Rapidly Changing “Business Model” Mission Complexity Diversity Among Students and Leaders Leadership Approaches Further Readings History Change Over Time Context Causality Contingency Complexity Further Readings Human Trafficking Further Readings Humane Education Defining the Field and Practice A Better World Is Possible Poverty Social Justice Environmental Protection Animal Welfare and Rights Humane Education Seeks a Just, Sustainable, and Humane Future What Comprises Humane Education? Fostering Compassion and a Sense of Responsibility Teaching Critical, Systems, Strategic, and Creative Thinking Creating Opportunities to Make a Difference and Solve Real-World Problems Barriers to the Spread of Humane Education Real-World Crises Are Having an Impact on Educational Leaders Problem- and Project-Based Learning (PBL) Have Already Been Adopted Further Readings Humility Types of Humility The Study of Humility Leader Humility Team Humility and Organizational Humility Further Readings Humor Functionalist Perspectives Critical Perspectives Suppressing Humor Manufacturing Humor Final Thoughts Further Readings I Idiosyncrasy Credit Idiosyncrasy Credit: The Basics Idiosyncrasy Credit and Social Exchange Idiosyncrasy Credit, Power, and Ethical Leadership Further Readings Idiosyncratic Deals Forms of I-Deals Benefits and Costs of I-Deals Who Gets and Grants I-Deals I-Deals Beyond the United States and Beyond Businesses Further Readings Implicit Leadership Theories Origins Content, Structure, and Functions Measurement Outcomes Future Research and Practical Implications Final Remarks Further Readings Inclusive Leadership Leadership at the Top Inclusive Leadership of the Team Inclusive Leadership at a Dyadic Level Outcomes of Inclusive Leadership Further Readings Income Inequality Theory and Measurement of Income Inequality Segmented and Inefficient Labor Markets Public Policy Approaches to Income Inequality Further Readings Indigenous International Diplomacy Traditional Diplomatic Relations Prior to European Contact Indigenous Diplomacy With Colonial and U.S. Governments Indigenous Diplomacy in the Modern Era Intertribal Reciprocal Agreement Regarding Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering (1997) Anishinaabe Akii Protocol (1998) Water Protection Treaties (2004–2006) United League of Indigenous Nations Treaty (2007) Northern Tribes Buffalo Treaty (2014) Treaty Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion (2016) The Grizzly: A Treaty of Cooperation, Cultural Revitalization, and Restoration (2016) The Wolf: A Treaty of Cultural and Environmental Survival (2021) Indigenous Diplomacy as a Model for the Future Further Readings Influence Tactics for Leaders Influence Outcomes Proactive Influence Tactics Rational Persuasion Apprising Inspirational Appeals Consultation Exchange Collaboration Ingratiation Legitimating Tactics Pressure Tactics Coalition Tactics Personal Appeals Effectiveness of the Proactive Influence Tactics Findings for Individual Tactics Combining Tactics Sequencing Different Tactics Using Tactics to Resist Influence Attempts by Others Other Implications of Leader Influence Behavior Further Readings Innovation The Innovation Process The Vision Thing: How Transformational Leadership Creates Transformational Change Climate for Innovation Team Leadership: Ambidextrous Leadership Diversity and Team Leadership Individual Self-Leadership Further Readings Institutional Culture Versus Structure in the Army Differing Paces of Change Resistance to Change Crisis and Cultural Change Further Readings Instrumental Leadership Rationale for Instrumental Leadership What Is Instrumental Leadership? Why and How Does Instrumental Leadership Work? Evidence for the Effectiveness of Instrumental Leadership Further Readings Intelligences General Intelligence Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Too Much of a Good Thing Encompassing Theories of Intelligence(s) Successful Intelligence Multiple Intelligences Theories of Specific Kinds of Intelligences Emotional Intelligence Practical Intelligence Social Intelligence Collective Intelligence Further Readings Intelligent Disobedience Authority and Compliance Origin of the Term Criteria for Obedience and Disobedience Conditions for Appropriate Obedience Distinctions from Civil Disobedience Social Factors Affecting Obedience and Appropriate Disobedience Psychological Strategies Resulting in Obedience or Disobedience Obedience Acculturation High Power-Distance Cultures Applications of Intelligent Disobedience Crew Resource Management Adapting the CRM Model Changes in Military Culture Childhood Development Final Remarks Further Readings Intergroup Processes Some Influences of Conflict Among Subgroups Theories to Reduce Intergroup Conflict Interpersonal Theories Intergroup Theories Future Directions Further Readings International Leadership Association Mission A Trusted Space for Leadership Learning A Trusted Source for Leadership Resources A Global Leadership Community The Core Values of the ILA A Professional Membership Association ILA Member Communities What Makes the ILA Distinctive as a Professional Association? Programs, Publications, and Special Projects Programs Publications Special Projects ILA History Further Readings Intersectionality: Race, Gender, and Leadership Intersectionality of Race and Gender Systemic Racism Leadership and Employment: Gender and Racial Disparities Further Readings 9781071840832_WEB_Vol 2 Cover Half Title Page Editorial Board Title Page Copyright Contents List of Entries Reader’s Guide Contributors Introduction L Labeling Theory Weber and Types of Leadership Deviance Typology Further Readings Language and Leadership The Importance of Language for Leadership Theorizing and Research Key Streams of Work on Language in Leadership Studies Communication Discourse Multilingualism Future Research Further Readings Leader Emergence and Performance Personality, Intelligence, and Individual Attributes Implicit Leadership Theories Gender and Leader Emergence Contemporary Views: Shared Leadership and Context Emergence in Virtual Teams Conclusion Further Readings Leader Exceptionalism Origins Explanations of Ethical Failure Moral Theory and the Moral Psychology of Leadership Further Readings Leader Manipulation in Warfare Further Readings Leader Self-Efficacy Origins of Self-Efficacy Developing the Concept of Leadership Self-Efficacy Relationship to Other Constructs and Outcomes Leader Development and Self-Efficacy Further Readings Leader–Follower Relationships The Case for Mutual Influence Mutual Expectations Active Followership Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Emotional Connections Future Research Further Readings Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) LMX Theory Development LMX Relationship Development Antecedents and Outcomes of LMX Quality Theoretical Frameworks for LMX Beyond the Leader–Follower Dyad Criticisms of LMX Research The Significance of LMX Further Readings Leaders' Personal Crisis Absence of Research on Leaders During Personal Crisis Risks of Leader Personal Crisis to the Organization Theory Relevant to Leaders in Crisis Leaders Coping With Stressful Life Events Leadership Risks and Benefits When Navigating Personal Crisis Organizations of Reciprocal Care Further Readings Leaders' Stories Defining a Leader Ordinary, Innovative, and Visionary Leaders Inclusionary and Exclusionary Identity Stories The Unschooled Mind Case Studies Further Readings Leaders' Power Resources and Followers' Reactions The Definition, Limits, and Outcomes of Power The Tools of Power: The Seven Power Bases Follower Psychological Reactions and Outcomes Instrumental Exchange (Psychological Reaction) and Compliance (Outcome) Internalization, Personal Identification (Psychological Reactions), and Commitment (Outcome) Dissatisfaction (Psychological Reaction) and Resistance (Outcome) The Position Power Tool Kit Legitimate Power (Authority) Reward Power Coercive Power Ecological Power Information Power The Personal Power Tool Kit: Expert and Referent Power Bases Expert Power Referent Power How a Leader Can Effectively Use the Power Bases Further Readings Leadership and Empathy on the Screen Fictional Leadership on the Television Screen Factual Leadership in the 21st Century The Effect of On-Screen Examples on Leadership Further Readings Leadership and Management The Emergence of Management Management Versus Leadership Further Readings Leadership and U.S. International Relations U.S. Leadership in Foreign Affairs George Washington's Farewell Address Expansionism in the 20th Century World War I World War II The Cold War The Challenge of the Military–Industrial Complex The Legacy of 9/11 U.S. Core Values The Decline of U.S. Standing in the World The American Dream Versus The American Nightmare Further Readings Leadership Development History Models and Frameworks Experience-Based Development Leader Identity Practices Feedback Structured Reflection Active Listening Coaching Further Readings Leadership for the Common Good The Common Good Conceptualizing Leadership for the Common Good Practicing Leadership for the Common Good Further Readings Leadership in Children and Adolescents Identifying and Describing Leaders Within Children's and Adolescents' Peer Systems Leaders as Norm Setters Socially Competent Leaders Bullies: The Dark Side of Leadership Leaders and Their Context Further Readings Leadership in Dogs The Origins of Dogs Instrumental and Symbolic Value Dogs as Followers Dogs as Leaders The Interdependence of Dogs and People Organizational Processes and Dogs Further Readings Leadership in Nonhuman Mammals The Nature of Leadership in Nonhuman Animals Leadership During Group Movements Leadership During Group Foraging Leadership During Intragroup and Intergroup Conflicts Conclusion Further Readings Leadership in Science The Limits of Earlier Paradigms Trait Theory Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership An Action-Centered Approach Achieving a Goal Incentive Structures Implications for Research and Thought Leadership Building Teams The Centrality of Trust The Contribution of Diversity to Integrity An Observed Shift From Agentic to Communal Leadership Developing Individuals Mentoring Is a Function of Resources Leadership as Facilitation Emotional Intelligence in Scientific Leadership Further Readings Leadership in Violence Prevention Leaders in Violence Prevention Leadership in Family Violence Prevention Programs Leadership in Community Violence Prevention Programs Leadership in Societal Violence Prevention Programs Further Readings Leading Diversity Team Diversity Inclusive Leadership Cross-Cultural Issues Further Readings Leading From Below Importance Characteristics Related Concepts Managing Up Leading From the Middle Further Readings LGBTQ+ Social Movements Queer Leaders for Queer Activism Contextualizing LGBTQ+ Leadership: The Homophile Movement Intersectional Approaches and LGBTQ+ Leadership in the 21st Century Further Readings The Liberal Tradition Defenses of Liberalism John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Tradition Free Speech and the Liberal Tradition Further Readings Liberalism and Toleration Liberalism Toleration Applications of Main Ideas Further Readings Literature Storytelling and Language Understanding Literature Basic Understanding Linguistic Understanding Contextual Understanding Reframing (for Leadership) Implications for Leadership A Caution for Leadership Scholars and Practitioners Further Readings M Majority and Minority Influence Majority Influence Minority Influence Evidence for Dual Processing Demographic Effects Virtual Teams The Role of Team Leaders Further Readings Manhattan Project Deciding to Make the Atomic Bomb The Building of the Atomic Bomb The Use of the Bombs Further Readings Marketing Leadership Consumer Movements Resistant vs. Activist Movements Tactical Repertoire of Movements Online Brand Scrutiny Value Cocreation How Value Is Cocreated Appropriation of Consumer Movements Exploitation of Consumer Labor Virtue Signaling Moral Grandstanding Further Readings Me Too Movement Power Dynamics That Lead to Sexual Misconduct Leader Responsibility in Handling Workplace Sexual Misconduct Legislative Solutions and Equitable Advancement Further Readings Men and Masculinities Constructing Men's Leadership Masculinities The Authoritative Style: Leader as Hero The Paternalistic Style: Leader as Father The Egalitarian Style: Leader as Good Bloke or Mate Deconstructing Men's Leadership Masculinities Exploring Masculinity in Leadership Decision-Making Future Directions Further Readings Military Leadership Historical Context Modern Military Leadership Further Readings Mindful Leadership Background on Mindfulness Establishing a Core of Mindfulness Frameworks for Studying Mindfulness at Work Benefits of Mindfulness at Work Cultivating Higher Levels of Mindfulness The Transformational Power of Mindfulness Further Readings Monetary Policy Guiding Multiple Voters Communication Decision-Making Under Uncertainty Further Readings Moral Character Leadership and Virtue The Good Leader: Normative Studies The Good Leader: Empirical Studies Character and Leadership Education Character, Reasons, and Actions Good Character Means Good Leadership Further Readings Moral Imagination Adam Smith's Impartial Spectator Immanuel Kant and the Three Elements of Imagination Contemporary Moral Imagination and Decision-Making Immoral Imagination and Blind Spots Further Readings Moral Language Deontology and Consequentialism Virtue Signaling Further Readings Moral Pluralism Moral Foundations Theory Model of Moral Motives Relationship Regulation Theory Loyalty Tensions in Moral Leadership Further Readings Moral Risk Further Readings Motional Intelligence and Leadership Origins of Motional Intelligence Actor–Audience Asymmetry in Motional Intelligence Motional Intelligence in Romance Motional Intelligence in Leadership Further Readings Multiculturalism, Ethics of Separating State and Culture: Benign Neglect Neutral Nationalism and the Common Denominator Approach The Millet Approach The Melting Pot and the Potluck Models Further Readings Multiple Roles of Leaders Leaders, Followers, and the Uses of Power Engagement Between Partners and Collaborators Creativity and Effectiveness in Leaders and Managers Further Readings Mutiny Origins of the Word Mutiny Mutiny and Leadership Leadership Within Mutinies Mutinies in the Present Day Further Readings N Narcissistic Leadership Behind the Narcissistic Façade Leadership and Personality Personality Traits of Positive Leaders Personality Traits of Narcissistic Leaders Work Environment Working With a Narcissist Manipulation and Control Further Readings Networks and Networked Organizations Understanding Organizations Science of Networks Contagion Typology Geometry of Networks The Dynamics of Networks in Organizations Networks Are Wholistic Networks Blur Boundaries Networks Are Nonlinear Networks Are in Constant Flux Networks Are Relational Networks Are Linked Implications for Leadership Shifting the Leadership Mindset Embracing the Whole Valuing Connectivity Linking Complex Networks Influencing Relevant Change Further Readings Neuroscience Antagonistic Neural Networks: Task Versus Social Leadership Leadership Is a Relationship Stress, Power Stress, and Sustainability of Leadership Through Renewal Strategy Future Prospects Further Readings Nonprofit Leadership Nonprofit Organizations and Leadership Historical Origins of U.S. Nonprofit Leadership Nonprofit Leadership in Theory and Practice Governing Boards Executive Leadership Volunteer Leadership Nonprofit Leader Roles Nonprofit Leader Skills Nonprofit Leader Ethics The Unique Role of the Nonprofit Leader Further Readings Nostalgia and Leadership Nostalgia as a Resource for Leadership Personal Versus Collective Nostalgia Leadership-Related Nostalgic Benefits Important Mediators or Drivers of Nostalgia Benefits Nostalgia's Utility in Leadership Further Readings O Obedience Distinguishing Obedience From Other Social Influence Processes Bases of Power and Authority Empirical Studies of Obedience to Authority Concerns With Milgram's OTA Studies Does the OTA Effect Replicate? Victim Factors Authority Factors Target Factors Factors Related to the Obedience Prompt Future Directions Further Readings Organizational Leadership The Industrial Era The Information Technology Era The Global Era Further Readings P Panama Canal Treaties Establishing U.S. Control Over Panama's Transit Corridor Preserving U.S. Control Over the Canal Overhauling the Relationship to Protect U.S. Interests Further Readings Paradoxes of Leadership Understanding the Link Between Paradox and Leadership Common Paradoxes of Leadership Implications of Paradox for Leadership Theory, Practice, and Development Further Readings Paternalism: Origins and Theoretical Context Dimensions of Paternalistic Leadership Origins of Paternalistic Leadership Paradoxical Leadership in PL Theoretical Support Antecedents and Consequences of PL Further Readings Paternalistic Leadership: Conceptual Frameworks Overview Frameworks of Paternalistic Leadership Antecedents and Outcomes of Paternalistic Leadership Future Research Directions Further Readings Path-Goal Theory History and Background The Theory Concerns Raised Outgrowths From the Theory Application of the Theory to Practice Further Readings Patriarchy and Its Origins Comparing Humans With Other Species Sexual Selection Gender Differences Gendered Division of Labor Variation in Patriarchy Cross-Culturally Dismantling Patriarchy Further Readings Pearl Harbor Speech The Dual Purposes of Rhetoric Scholarly Analyses of the Pearl Harbor Speech Nondeclarations of War in U.S. History Further Readings Persuasion Early Research on Persuasion The ELM and the HSM The ELM and Route Selection Biased Processing and Partisanship Further Readings Philosophy and Leadership What Is Philosophy? Relevance to Leadership Other Areas of Philosophy Further Readings Plutarch Moralia Parallel Lives Conclusion Further Readings Political Identities The Nature of Political Identification Trump's Devoted Base Social Identity Strategic Manipulation Political Leadership Further Readings Political Leadership The Role of Leadership in Politics The Evolution of Political Leadership The Great Thinkers on Political Leadership Political Leadership Today Further Readings Political Leadership and Historical Memory Great Leaders and the American Narrative Challenges to the Heroic Style of Commemoration The Postheroic Style Further Readings Political Obligation Consent Natural Duties Associational Obligations Fair Play Further Readings Power and Culture Power Culture Power and Culture, Together Power, Culture, and Agency Further Readings Power and Powerlessness What Is Power? Power as Agency Power as Structured Multidimensional Power Power and Leadership Navigating and Transforming Power Power-Sensitive Leadership Further Readings Presidential Leadership Barber's Analysis of Presidential Character Fred Greenstein's Six Presidential Qualities Skowronek: The Politics Presidents Make Simonton: Leader Schemas and Ratings of Presidential Greatness Conclusion Further Readings Pride and the Psychology of Prestige Evolutionary Psychology and Psychological Adaptations Evolutionary Significance of Status The Logic of Status Allocation in Human Groups Features of Pride and the Adaptive Problems of Status Pursuit Further Readings Procedural Justice Fair Process Effects Theories of Procedural Justice Factors Promoting Procedural Justice Recent Applications of Procedural Justice Further Readings Property-Owning Democracy Rawls and Economic Systems Policy and Institutional Features of Property-Owning Democracy Further Readings Prosocial Behavior The Micro-level of Prosocial Behavior The Meso Level of Prosocial Behavior The Macrolevel of Prosocial Behavior Final Remarks Further Readings Proximate and Ultimate Evolutionary Approaches to Leadership Evolutionary Leadership Theory Leadership and Tinbergen's Four Questions Proximate-Single Form: How Does It Work? Proximate Development: How Did It Develop? Ultimate-Developmental: Why Did It Historically Evolve? Ultimate-Single Form: Why Is It Currently Functional? Applications to Modern Issues Further Readings Prozac Leadership Excessively Positive Leaders Resisting Prozac Leadership Concluding Remarks Further Readings Purpose and Invisible Leadership The Common Purpose as Leader: Invisible Leadership Essentials of Developing an Inspiring Common Purpose Embedding Common Purpose in the Culture Ethical Dimensions of the Common Purpose The Complexity of Purpose Further Readings R Race and Ethnicity Connecting Race and Ethnicity to Leadership Challenging Traditional Notions of Leadership Expanding Diversity and Leadership Studies Issues Regarding Race, Ethnicity, and Leadership The Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Further Readings Racial Disparities Racial/Ethnic Representations of Leadership in the Workplace Working Toward Equity in Leadership Further Readings Reconstructive Presidents The President and the Constitution Sequences of Affiliated and Opposition Leadership The Political Architecture of Reconstructive Leadership Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan as Reconstructive Leaders Further Readings Regulating Private Sector Leadership Regulations as a Framework Types of Private Sector Regulation Leadership and Self-Regulation Healthy Leadership Further Readings Religion and Leadership What Is Servant Leadership? Religion and Servant Leadership Theology and Servant Leadership Biblical Examples of Servant Leadership Biblical Characteristics of Servant Leadership Concluding Thoughts Further Readings Religious Disagreement Social Contract Theory and Religious Neutrality The Doctrine of Religious Restraint The Limits of Restraint and the Convergence Conception of Justification Further Readings Resilient Leadership Theory and Research Resilience Versus Pollyanna Prescriptions of “Put a Smile on Your Face” Is Resilience Innate or Learned? Resilience (or Lack Thereof) in Younger Generations How the Self-Esteem Movement Produced the Resilience Movement Can Resilience Be Taught? Further Readings Resonant Leadership Origin Theoretical Foundations A Relationship-Based Style Social Cognition Neuroscience Outcomes Further Readings Responsible Leadership Stakeholders and the Relational Perspective Stakeholder Complexity Roles Model Approach Organizational Outcomes Application of Responsible Leadership Further Readings Rhetoric Rhetorical Opportunities Audiences and Rhetorical Leadership Legitimating Institutions Influencing Political Agendas Framing Political Issues Uniting the Polity Further Readings Rhetoric and Persuasion History of Rhetoric and Leadership Current Perspectives on Rhetoric and Leadership Further Readings Romance of Heroism Romance Resulting From Motivational Drives Romance Resulting From Perception and Cognition Further Readings Romance of Leadership Leadership and Followership—An Unbalanced Equation Follower Dynamics: Social Contagion Concluding Remarks Further Readings Rosy Halo and Power Power: Corrupting or Ennobling? Flawed Perception That Power Corrupts Reversed Causality Between Power and Corruption Impressions of the Powerful As More Ethical Implications Further Readings S Schemas, Scripts, and Mental Models Schemas Person Schemas Self-Schemas Scripts Mental Models Future Directions Further Readings Self-Leadership Conceptual Development Measurement The RSLQ The ASLQ An Overview of Self-Leadership Impacts Current Challenges Self-Leadership Paradoxes Conceptual Overlap Overreliance on Strategies Future Opportunities Broader Conceptualization Cross-Disciplinary Input Focus on Constructs Further Readings September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Leadership Intelligence Regarding Al Qaeda President Bush as Mobilizing Leader Leadership and Followership on the Road to War in Iraq Further Readings Servant Leadership What Is Servant Leadership? How Does Servant Leadership Differ From Other Leadership Theories? Research on Servant Leadership Servant-Leader Characteristics The Impact of Servant-Leaders How Servant-Leaders Influence Followers Criticisms of Servant Leadership Further Readings Service Innovation What Is Service Innovation? Disrupting Digitally Simplifying via Automation Personalizing the Service Experience Further Readings Service-for-Prestige Theory of Leadership Human Leader-Follower Relations: How Universal and How Unique Are They? Leadership and Followership Among Hunter-Gatherers The Universality of “Good” Leadership: Dominance Versus Prestige Service-for-Prestige as a Form of Reciprocal Altruism Service-for-Prestige as a Form of Collective Action Conclusion Further Readings Sexual Harassment Sexual Harassment in Historical Context Explanations for Sexual Harassment Optimizing Choice The Superstar Sexual Harasser Solutions to Sexual Harassment Critiquing the Solutions Further Readings Sexual Identity History of Sexual Identity From Activism to Mainstream Organizations Education Politics Theorizing Sexuality and Leadership Further Readings Sexuality Defining Sexuality Sexual Identity Gender Identity Sexual Orientation Sexual Behavior Leaders and Sexuality Further Readings Shared Leadership A Growing Interest in Shared Leadership Scientific Evidence of Shared Leadership Quantitative Studies of Shared Leadership Qualitative Studies of Shared Leadership The Future of Leadership in Organizations Further Readings Situational Leadership Origin of Situational Leadership Theory Situational Leadership Cycle Military Example of Situational Leadership Theory Challenges Further Readings Skills Skills and Leader Performance Cause/Goal Analysis Forecasting Constraint Analysis Creative Thinking Planning Wisdom Sensemaking Final Remarks Further Readings Social Change How Societies Change Dimensions of Social Change Revolutionary Versus Evolutionary Social Change Levels of Social Change: Local, National, and Global Structures Versus Strategies in Changing Societies Further Readings Social Identities How Social Identities Shape Social Expectations Leadership in the Eye of the Beholder Achieving Access and Legitimacy Followers and Legitimacy How Social Identities Shape Our Behaviors and Beliefs Further Readings Social Identity Theory The Social Identity Approach Types of Self and Identity Salience Prototypes Self-Categorization Motivation Social Identity Theory of Leadership Prototypicality and Influence Social Attraction and Popularity Social Construction of Charisma Leader Behavior Entrepreneurs of Identity Social Identity Research and New Developments Uncertainty and Leadership Intergroup Leadership The Future Further Readings Social Media Who Is a Leader? Differences in Social Media Use Social Media Use and Brand Identity Social Media Use to Engage Employees Social Media Use and Crisis Management Social Media Use for Collective Action Leaders' Misuse of Social Media Managing Generational Differences Future Implications Further Readings Special Obligations and Leadership Ethics A Taxonomy of Special Obligations Relevance and Limits of Special Obligations for Leadership Ethics Conclusion Further Readings Sports Competitive Excellence Student-Athlete Experience Integrity, Equity, and Inclusivity Resource/Revenue Development Looking Ahead Further Readings State Aggression Factors That Lead to State Aggression World War II and State Aggression A Turn Toward Social History Leader Attributes and State Aggression Investigating What Affects Adult Human Behavior Further Readings Stereotype Threat Antecedents of Stereotype Threat for Underrepresented Leaders Mitigating Factors and the Experienced Consequences of Stereotype Threat Further Readings Strategic Leadership Definition of Strategic Leadership Who What Making Strategic Decisions Engaging With External (and Internal) Stakeholders Performing Human Resource Management Activities Motivating and Influencing Managing Information Overseeing Operations and Administration Managing Social and Ethical Issues Managing Conflicting Demands When How Why The Role of Context Performance Further Readings Student Development Nevitt Sanford's Life Influences The Authoritarian Personality Major Books on College Student Development Sanford's Student Development Theory Readiness Challenge Retreat Support Balancing Challenge and Support Optimal Mismatch Further Readings Sustainability The UN Brundtland Commission Report The Three Dimensions of Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability UN Sustainable Development Goals Three Questions About Environmental Sustainability Challenges in Managing Common-Pool Resources Sustainability in Business Climate Change Further Readings Systems Thinking Origins of Systems Theory How Systems Operate Systems and Leadership Leadership and Systems Research Further Readings T Task and Socio-Emotional Leadership Bales's Groundbreaking Studies on Small Groups Explanations From the Findings Complementary Task and Socio-Emotional Leadership in U.S. Presidencies Combining Both Types of Leadership Further Readings Teacher Leadership The Development of the Teacher-Leader Role Data Analysis Instructional Initiatives, Professional Training, and Community Engagement Mentorship Compensation Geographical Differences Further Readings Team Leadership The Processes and Functions of Team Leadership Team Leaders and Team Emergent States Team Properties That Alter Required Leadership Processes Collective Leadership Further Readings Terror Management Theory Terror Management Theory: The Basics Leadership and Charisma Studies of Mortality Salience and Charismatic Leadership TMT and the Future of Democracy Further Readings Theater and Leadership The Birth of the Director Leadership Style Areas of Leadership Responsibility Impacts on Gender Calls for Racial Justice Further Readings Toxic Leadership Historical Arc of Toxic Leadership Behaviors and Psychological Qualities of Toxic Leaders Contexts of Toxic Leadership Research The Role of Followers Conformers and Colluders Environments Conducive to Leader Toxicity Future Directions Further Readings Trait Theories of Leadership Early Research on the Trait Approach Leadership Traits Problems and Limitations of the Trait Approach Recent Research on the Trait Approach The Trait Approach and the Five-Factor Model of Personality Final Remarks Further Readings Transactional and Transformational Synergies Patterns of Leader Behavior Senatorial Leadership Transactions and Power Creating Power Resources Building Bridges Transformation Through Shared Leadership Coda: Leadership Versatility and Beauty Further Readings Transformational and Transactional Leadership A Theory Emerges Early Stage Theory Development A Critical Appraisal Future Directions Further Readings Transformational Leadership Transformational Versus Transactional Leadership Attributes of Transformational Leaders How Transformational Leaders Perceive Threats and Opportunities Liabilities of Transformational Leadership Can Anyone Become a Transformational Leader? Further Readings Transforming Leadership Transforming Leadership in 1978s Leadership Transforming and Transformational Leadership in Dead Center Burns's Transforming and Bass's Transformational Leadership Further Readings Trauma Types of Trauma Effects of Trauma The Organizational Leadership of Trauma Further Readings Trolley Problem Proposed Solutions to the Trolley Problem Killing and Letting Die Risk Redirection Mere Means Applications of the Trolley Problem Criticisms of the Trolley Problem Further Readings Trust Declining Trust Trust in Political Life Why Leaders Are Trusted? Social Capital The Benefits of Mistrust Further Readings U Unintended Consequences of Leadership Theories How Leadership Theories Are Typically Developed Critiques of Positivist Theory-Building Unintended Consequences of Transformational, Charismatic, and Authentic Leadership Theories Further Readings V Virtual Leadership Virtual Dyadic Leadership Virtual Team Leadership Further Readings Virtues What Are Virtues? How Virtues and Leadership Intersect Virtues Inform Character, and Character Informs Good Leadership Virtues and Leadership Are Linchpins Connecting Us to Each Other Virtues and Leadership Can Be Learned and Developed How Virtues and Leadership Are Studied Tensions and Debates in the Study of Virtues and Leadership Further Readings Visual Arts Social Engagement and the Creative Process Education/Training Applied Arts/Architecture Politics, History, Exhibition, and Collection Further Readings Voting Rights Act The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Early Years: The Rise of the Voting Rights Act Nuts and Bolts: The Voting Rights Act and Its Immediate Aftermath Further Readings W Warmth and Competence Leader–Follower Relationship Theories: Followers Make Task and Social Leaders Leader Competence and Group Structure: Leaders Make the Group Gender and Task Versus Social Dimensions Leader Warmth and Group Structure: Relationships Make the Group Member Perception and Group Structure: Followers Make Leaders Revisited Future Directions Further Readings Weber on Charisma The Background Two Concepts of Charisma Further Readings Wellness Defining Wellness History of Wellness Dimensions of Wellness Further Readings White Privilege Origination of White Privilege in the Western World Racial Hierarchy Race as a Social Category Further Readings Wicked Problems Origin and Definition Critiques Wicked Problems and Adaptive Leadership Further Readings Women and Men as Leaders The Rise of Women Leaders Gender Effects on Human Capital Family Responsibilities Leadership Styles of Women and Men The Effectiveness of Female and Male Leaders Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination Organizational Culture Women Navigate the Labyrinth Further Readings Women's Movement Waves of Women's Movements The First Wave: Suffragettes The Second Wave: Women's Liberationists The Third Wave: Feminist Organizations The Fourth Wave: Hashtag Feminisms Further Readings Women's Values Values in Leadership Defining and Living One's Values Women Leaders Who Live Their Values Further Readings Workplace Democracy The Organization and Economics of Workplace Democracy Normative Perspectives on Workplace Democracy Leadership and Democratic Workplaces Further Readings Wrongful Convictions Pervasiveness of Wrongful Convictions Causes of Wrongful Convictions Further Readings Index