Prevention in mental health : from risk management to early intervention

Description

Preface Introduction Mental Health Prevention: What Is New and What Should Be Done Contents Part I: General Aspects and Paradigms 1: Gender and Mental Health Prevention: When Differences Matter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Individual Factors 1.2.1 Neuroimmune Impact of Childhood Adversities 1.2.2 Preventing Childhood Trauma 1.3 Familiar Factors 1.3.1 Detection of at-Risk Mothers 1.3.2 Availability of Effective Perinatal Interventions 1.3.3 Availability of an Organizational Framework for the Interdisciplinary Work 1.4 Social Factors 1.4.1 Education 1.4.2 Employment 1.4.3 Discrimination 1.4.4 Relationships 1.4.5 Nutrition 1.5 Healthcare Factors 1.6 Conclusion References 2: Clinical Staging of Psychiatric Disorders: Its Utility in Mental Health Prevention 2.1 Diagnostic Process in Psychiatry: Shortcomings of Current Diagnostic Classifications and Future Directions 2.2 Clinical Staging Model: Principles and Criteria for Staging 2.3 Clinical Staging Model in Psychiatry 2.3.1 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Psychotic Disorders 2.3.2 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Bipolar Disorders 2.3.3 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Major Depressive Disorder 2.3.4 Transdiagnostic Approach to Clinical Staging 2.4 Toward a Clinicopathological Staging Model 2.4.1 Neuroinflammation and O&NS Markers 2.4.2 Brain Structural Changes 2.5 Staging Treatment in the Clinicopathological Staging Framework References 3: The Role of Psychopharmacology in Mental Health Prevention 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preventative Psychopharmacology in Young People 3.2.1 The Staging Model and Prevention of Mental Disorders 3.2.2 Pharmacological Treatments for Emerging Psychiatric Disorders/‘At-Risk’ States 3.2.3 Using Medications Known to be Effective in Full-Threshold Mental Disorders 3.2.3.1 At Risk for Psychosis 3.2.3.2 Bipolar At-Risk Populations 3.2.3.3 Emerging Depressive Disorders or At-Risk States 3.2.4 Current Clinical Guidelines 3.3 New Frontiers: Novel Agents for Secondary Indicated Prevention 3.3.1 Neuroprotective Agents and Nutraceuticals 3.3.2 Neuroprotective Properties of Established Treatments for Mental Disorders in At-Risk Mental States 3.3.3 Supplementation Agents in At-Risk Mental States 3.3.3.1 Supplementation in Ultra High Risk 3.3.3.2 Bipolar ‘At Risk’ and Emerging Depressive Disorders 3.4 Issues in Research, Clinical Practice and Ethics Relevant to Preventative Prescribing in At-Risk Mental States 3.4.1 Prescribing for Prevention in At-Risk Mental States 3.4.2 Aspects of the Therapeutic Alliance in Preventative Psychopharmacology 3.4.3 Ethical Challenges 3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions Glossary References Part II: Areas for Intervention and Improvement 4: Postpartum (Puerperal) Psychosis: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management and Treatment 4.1 What Is Postpartum (or Puerperal) Psychosis 4.2 Risk Factors for the Onset of PP 4.2.1 Obstetric, Psychosocial and Sleep-Related Risk Factors 4.2.2 Biological, Genetic and Brain-Related Risk Factors 4.3 Differential Diagnosis 4.4 Prevention and Prophylaxis 4.4.1 Screening for Postpartum Psychosis 4.4.2 The Role of Medications 4.5 Treatment and Management of Postpartum Psychosis 4.5.1 Treatment Continuation 4.6 Prognosis of Postpartum Psychosis 4.7 Conclusions References 5: Childhood Trauma and Mental Health: Never Too Early to Intervene 5.1 The Burden of Childhood Trauma 5.2 The Link Between Childhood Trauma and Health Outcomes 5.2.1 Mental Health 5.2.2 Physical Health 5.3 The Timing of Exposure and Developmental Sequelae of Trauma 5.4 Prevention and Early Interventions for Trauma 5.5 Conclusions References 6: Promoting Positive Parenting to Prevent Mental Health Problems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Dimensions of Parenting 6.2.1 The Affective Dimension of Parenting 6.2.2 The Regulatory Dimension of Parenting 6.3 Types of Intervention 6.3.1 Video-Feedback Interventions and Their Efficacy 6.3.2 Parent Training Programmes and Their Efficacy 6.4 Conclusions References 7: Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Psychosocial Issues Later in Life 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Developmental Trajectories 7.2.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 7.2.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 7.2.3 Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Other Tic Disorders 7.3 Conclusions References 8: Migration and Mental Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience 8.1 The Migration Phenomenon Worldwide 8.1.1 Migration: Trends and Definitions 8.2 Mental and General Health Outcomes of Migration 8.2.1 Migration and Health 8.2.2 Barriers to Health Care 8.2.3 Mental Disorders in Migrants 8.3 Migration and Psychosis: From Vulnerability to Resilience 8.3.1 Relative Risk of Psychosis among Migrants 8.3.2 Possible Explanations of the Phenomenon 8.3.3 Vulnerability Factors in Migrants 8.3.4 Resilience Factors in Migrants 8.4 Conclusions References 9: Tackling Urbanicity and Pollution in Mental Health Prevention Strategies 9.1 Setting the Scene 9.2 Introduction 9.2.1 Urbanization 9.2.2 Pollution 9.3 Urban Mental Health 9.4 Pollution and Its Impact on Mental Health 9.4.1 Air Pollution 9.4.2 Light Pollution 9.5 New Strategies and Challenges References 10: Is There Room for Anti-stigma Interventions in Mental Health Preventive Programmes? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Problem of Mental Health Stigma 10.3 Stigma as a Barrier for Universal Prevention in Mental Health 10.3.1 The Effect of Public Stigma on Universal Prevention 10.3.2 The Effect of Structural Stigma on Universal Prevention 10.4 Stigma as a Barrier for Selected and Indicated Prevention in Mental Health 10.4.1 The Effect of Public Stigma on Indicated Prevention 10.4.2 The Effect of Self-Stigma on Indicated Prevention 10.4.3 The Effect of Structural Stigma on Indicated Prevention 10.5 Conclusions References 11: Combined Prevention for Substance Use and Mental Health Problems in Youth: A Glance at Two Conditions at High Risk for Addiction 11.1 Prologue 11.2 The Gateway Theory: Is It Just a Theory? 11.3 The Return of the Theory 11.4 Not Just Substances 11.5 Neurochemical Aspects 11.6 Drug Gateway, Nicotine, and Memory Consolidation Mechanisms 11.7 ADHD and SUDs 11.8 ADHD and Nicotine Smoking 11.9 ADHD-Related Symptoms and Their Role in Nicotine Use 11.10 Conclusions References 12: Enhancing Cognition in People with Mental Health Vulnerabilities 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Intervention Paradigms 12.3 Interventions on Chronic Patients 12.4 Early-Phase Interventions 12.5 Interventions on High-Risk Patients 12.6 Conclusions References 13: Targeting Metabolic Abnormalities in Mental Health Prevention Strategies 13.1 Metabolic Abnormalities in Psychosis (SCZ and BD) 13.1.1 Pathophysiology 13.1.2 Antipsychotic Treatment 13.2 Metabolic Abnormalities in MDD 13.2.1 Pathophysiology 13.2.2 Role of Antidepressants 13.3 Treatment and Prevention 13.3.1 Non-pharmacological Interventions 13.3.2 Pharmacological Interventions 13.4 Conclusions References 14: Imaging in Psychiatry: A Reappraisal of Preventative Potential 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Psychosis 14.2.1 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response 14.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 14.2.3 Risk Assessment and Prediction of Illness 14.3 Mood Disorders 14.3.1 Major Depressive Disorder 14.3.1.1 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response 14.3.2 Bipolar Disorder 14.3.2.1 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response 14.3.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 14.3.2.3 Risk Assessment and Prediction of Illness 14.4 Anxiety Disorders 14.5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 14.5.1 Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders 14.5.2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 14.6 Limitations 14.7 Future Directions References 15: Functional Neurological Symptoms: A Potential Sentinel of Neurological and Mental Health Disorders 15.1 Introduction and Definitions 15.2 General Characteristics 15.3 Etiopathology 15.4 Comorbidities 15.5 Epidemiology 15.6 Clinical Diagnosis 15.7 Special Syndromes 15.8 Communicating the Diagnosis 15.9 Treatment 15.10 Outcomes and Prognosis 15.11 Prevention of Functional Disorders 15.12 Conclusions References Part III: Future Perspectives 16: Unmet Therapeutic Needs in Psychotic Illness: The Gut Microbiome-Endocannabinoid Axis as a Target for the Development of New Preventative Strategies 16.1 Anhedonia and Amotivation: The Search for Novel Therapeutic Targets 16.2 The Gut Microbiome: Relevance for Psychosis and Anhedonia/Amotivation 16.2.1 The Gut Microbiome in Psychotic Illness 16.2.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Anhedonia/Amotivation 16.2.3 Therapeutic Implications 16.3 The Endocannabinoid System: Relevance for Psychotic Illness and Anhedonia/Amotivation 16.4 The Gut Microbiome-Endocannabinoid Axis 16.4.1 Future Directions References 17: Prodromal Dementias with Lewy Bodies: A Paradigm for Identifying People at Ultra-High Risk 17.1 Introduction 17.2 MCI-DLB 17.3 Delirium-DLB 17.4 Psychiatric-DLB 17.5 Moving to a Unified Framework of Ultra-High Risk of DLB 17.6 Conclusions References 18: Neglected Vulnerabilities in Mental Health: Where Do We Need to Do More? 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Vulnerabilities 18.2.1 Life Epochs 18.2.2 Transition from Child to Adult Mental Health Services 18.2.3 Basic Cognition, Social Skills, and Emotional Regulation 18.2.4 Negative Symptoms 18.2.5 Body Image 18.2.6 Humanitarian Emergencies and Mental Health 18.3 Final Remarks References Afterword: Prevention of the Risk of Mental Suffering, A General and Specific Objective at Every Stage of Life References