Pediatric body MRI : a comprehensive, multidisciplinary guide

Description

Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Editor Associate Editors Assistant Imaging Editor Contributors 1: Lung and Pleura Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Lung and Pleural Disorders Congenital and Developmental Lung Disorders Infectious Lung and Pleural Disorders Neoplastic Lung and Pleural Disorders Other Pulmonary and Pleural Conditions Which May Be Evaluated on MR imaging Conclusion References 2: Large Airways Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Static MR Large Airway Imaging 2D Techniques 3D Techniques Dynamic MR Large Airway Imaging Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Branching Anomalies Tracheal Stenosis Heterotaxy Spectrum of Large Airway Disorders Congenital Large Airway Disorders Macroglossia Tonsillar Hypertrophy Laryngeal Stenosis Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence Tracheoesophageal Fistula Ectopic Bronchus: Tracheal Bronchus Bronchial Atresia Bronchogenic Cyst Congenital Dynamic Large Airway Disorders Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Tracheobronchomalacia Infectious and Inflammatory Large Airway Disorders Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Neoplastic Large Airway Disorders Benign Primary Large Airway Neoplasms Malignant Primary Large Airway Neoplasms Metastatic Large Airway Neoplasms Acquired Large Airway Disorders Acquired Tracheal Stenosis Post-traumatic Tracheobronchial Injury Postsurgical Bronchial Stenosis Foreign Body Aspiration Miscellaneous Large Airway Disorders Lymphatic Malformation Castleman Disease Neuroblastoma Conclusion References 3: Great Vessels Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Great Vessel Disorders Congenital and Developmental Great Vessel Disorders Aortic Obstructive Lesions Aortic Arch Positional Anomaly Aortic Branching Anomalies Systemic Venous Anomalies Pulmonary Arterial Anomalies Pulmonary Venous Anomalies Infectious Great Vessel Disorders Vasculitic Great Vessel Disorder Connective Tissue Disorder Acquired Great Vessel Disorders Conclusion References 4: Lymphatics Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Contrast Agents Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Lymphatic Disorders Congenital Disorders of Central Conducting Lymphatic Anomaly Iatrogenic Disorders of Central Conducting Lymphatic Anomaly Conclusion References 5: Mediastinum Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Ectopic Thymus Thymic Herniation Spectrum of Mediastinal Disorders Anterior (Prevascular) Mediastinal Lesions Congenital Disorders Benign Neoplastic Disorders Malignant Neoplastic Disorders Middle (Visceral) Mediastinal Lesions Lymphadenopathy Neoplastic Lymphadenopathy Other Causes of Mediastinal Adenopathy Foregut Duplication Cysts Posterior (Paravertebral) Mediastinal Lesions Neoplastic Disorders Sympathetic Chain Ganglion Origin Tumors Nerve Root Origin Tumors Other Posterior Mediastinal Lesions Conclusion References 6: Chest Wall and Diaphragm Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Chest Wall Evaluation Diaphragm Evaluation Anatomy Embryology Chest Wall Diaphragm Normal Development and Anatomy Chest Wall Diaphragm Anatomic Variants Chest Wall Diaphragm Spectrum of Chest Wall Disorders Congenital and Developmental Chest Wall Disorders Rib Anomalies Numerical Rib Anomalies Morphological Rib Anomalies Cervical Rib Pectus Excavatum Pectus Carinatum Poland Syndrome Cleidocranial Dysplasia Infectious Chest Wall Disorders Cellulitis Abscess Osteomyelitis Tuberculosis Actinomycosis Empyema Necessitans Neoplastic Chest Wall Disorders Benign Primary Soft Tissue Neoplasms of the Chest Wall Brown Fat/Hibernoma Lipoma and Lipoblastoma Desmoid Fibromatosis Myofibroma and Infantile Myofibromatosis Fibrous Hamartoma Neurofibroma Schwannoma Benign Primary Osseous Neoplasms of the Chest Wall Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma Osteochondroma Mesenchymal Hamartoma Fibrous Dysplasia Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Malignant Primary Soft Tissue Neoplasms of the Chest Wall Sarcoma Infantile Fibrosarcoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Malignant Primary Osseous Neoplasms of the Chest Wall Ewing Sarcoma Osteosarcoma Metastatic Disease of the Chest Wall Vascular Anomalies of the Chest Wall Hemangioma Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Venous Malformation Lymphatic Malformation Spectrum of Diaphragmatic Disorders Congenital and Developmental Diaphragmatic Disorders Diaphragmatic Hernia Bochdalek Hernia Morgagni Hernia Hiatal Hernia Diaphragmatic Eventration Diaphragm Duplication Infectious Diaphragmatic Disorders Subphrenic Abscess Neoplastic Diaphragmatic Disorders Benign Primary Neoplasms of the Diaphragm Benign Cystic Lesions Benign Solid Lesions Malignant Primary Neoplasms of the Diaphragm Metastatic Disease of the Diaphragm Diaphragmatic Movement Disorders Conclusion References 7: Liver Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Intravenous Contrast Agents MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Hepatic Disorders Congenital Hepatic Disorders Infectious Hepatic Disorders Diffuse Hepatic Parenchymal Disorders Metabolic Disorders Iron Deposition in the Liver Hepatic Steatosis Hepatic Cirrhosis Neoplastic Hepatic Disorders Benign Hepatic Neoplasms Malignant Hepatic Neoplasms Vascular Hepatic Disorders Liver Transplantation Conclusions References 8: Bile Duct and Gallbladder Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation Hardware MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Standard Sequences T2-Weighted Sequences Additional Sequences Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorders Congenital Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorders Acquired Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorders Neoplastic Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorder Traumatic Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorder Miscellaneous Bile Duct and Gallbladder Disorder Conclusion References 9: Pancreas Introduction Magentic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Pancreatic Disorders Congenital Pancreatic Disorders Inflammatory Pancreatic Disorders Neoplastic Pancreatic Disorders Epithelial Pancreatic Neoplasms Non-epithelial Pancreatic Neoplasms Mimics and Pitfalls of Pancreatic Neoplasms Traumatic Pancreatic Injury Conclusion References 10: Spleen Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Splenic Clefts Accessory Spleen Spectrum of Splenic Disorders Congenital Splenic Disorders Infectious Splenic Disorders Neoplastic Splenic Disorders Traumatic Splenic Disorder Miscellaneous Splenic Disorders Conclusion References 11: Adrenal Glands Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Adrenal Gland Disorders Congenital Adrenal Gland Disorders Neoplastic Adrenal Gland Disorders Neuroblastic Tumors Pheochromocytoma Adrenocortical Tumors Adrenal Adenoma Traumatic Adrenal Gland Disorder Conclusion References 12: Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Fetal MR Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging Protocol MR Enterography Protocol Perianal Fistula Protocol Appendicitis Protocol Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Congenital Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Abnormalities Diagnosed In Utero Infectious and Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Neoplastic Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Conclusion References 13: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols MR Urography Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Renal Agenesis Renal Ectopia Horseshoe Kidney Duplex Kidney and Ureteral Duplication Urinary Tract Disorders Congenital Urinary Tract Abnormalities Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Primary Megaureter Ureterocele Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Bladder Exstrophy Prune-Belly Syndrome Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome Infectious Urinary Tract Disorders Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Neoplastic Urinary Tract Disorders Benign Urinary Tract Neoplasms Malignant Urinary Tract Neoplasms Traumatic Urinary Tract Injury Urinary Tract Calcification Nephrocalcinosis Urolithiasis Conclusion References 14: Male Genital Tract Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Male Genital Tract Disorders Congenital Male Genital Tract Disorders Infectious Male Genital Tract Disorders Neoplastic Male Genital Tract Disorders Other Male Genital Tract Disorders Conclusion References 15: Female Genital Tract Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Anatomic Variants Spectrum of Female Genital Tract Disorders Congenital Female Genital Tract Disorders Infectious Female Genital Tract Disorders Neoplastic Female Genital Tract Disorders Ovarian Neoplasms Uterine and Vaginal Neoplasms Traumatic Female Genital Tract Disorders Miscellaneous Female Genital Tract Disorders Conclusion References 16: Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation and Coil Selection MRI Pulse Sequences and Protocols Anatomy Embryology Normal Development and Anatomy Spectrum of Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disorders Congenital Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disorders Infectious and Inflammatory Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disorders Neoplastic Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disorders Malignant Neoplasms Traumatic Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disorders Conclusion References 17: Whole-Body MR Imaging Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Patient Preparation MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Standard MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols Supplementary MR Imaging Pulse Sequences and Protocols MR Scanners Coils Anatomic Coverage Use of Intravenous Contrast Anatomy Anatomic Considerations for Whole-Body MR Imaging Patient Position Indication-Specific Anatomic Coverage Spectrum of Disorders Congenital Disorders: Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Hereditary Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndrome Hereditary Retinoblastoma Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency (CMMRD) Neurofibromatosis 1, Neurofibromatosis 2, and Schwannomatosis Other Neoplastic and Related Disorders Lymphoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Other Neoplasms Chemotherapy-Induced Osteonecrosis Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammatory Disorders Fever of Unknown Origin Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Enthesitis-Related Arthritis Traumatic Disorder Non-accidental Trauma Miscellaneous Disorders Polymyositis, Juvenile Dermatomyositis, and Neuromuscular Disorders Postmortem Image Analysis and Standardized Reporting Conclusion References Index