Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases

Description

Perfect for board review or quick reference in clinical practice, Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases is a balanced, high-yield resource covering the full range of infectious disease topics. Whether you’re preparing for examinations or are looking for a concise resource to support your practice, this unique review contains precisely the information you need – from common infectious diseases concepts and conditions to hundreds of up-to-date review questions and answers for self-assessment and exam preparation. Covers the most frequently encountered concepts and conditions in infectious diseases. Covers challenging areas frequently covered on the boards: clinically-relevant microbiology and ID pharmacology, HIV and antiretroviral therapy, infections in immunocompromised hosts, dermatologic manifestations of ID, infection mimics, infection control and prevention, and more. Includes new and emerging topics such as neglected tropical diseases, bioterrorism, and emerging and re-emerging infections. Provides 450 case-based, board-style multiple-choice questions and answers for test prep and self-assessment. Facilitates quick review and maximum retention of information by including hundreds of high-quality illustrations, tables, high-yield boxes, and bulleted lists. Contains practical tips for taking the boards, buzzwords and memory aids for board questions, and clinical and board pearls. Edited and written by rising stars in the field of infectious diseases – authors who have recently taken the boards and excelled, and who understand the challenges posed by this complex field of study and practice. Includes an Expert Consult™ eBook version with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Review "This excellent book presents high-yield topics for the ABIM ID board exam." © Doody’s Review Service, 2021, Rajendra Karnatak, MBBS (University of Nebraska Medical Center) Doody's Score: 92-4 Stars! Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases Copyright Foreword Preface List of Contributors Introduction to the Board Exam Abbreviations 1 - Bacteriology Definitions Gram Stain Method Classification of Bacteria Blood Cultures Collection Volume Interpretation Specimens for Bacteriology Culture Routine Cultures Anaerobic Cultures Anaerobic Transport Stool Cultures Pathogen Associations Arthropod-Borne Pathogens (Table 1.7) Biothreat (BT) Agents (Table 1.8) Important Pathogens in Bite Wounds (Human or Animal) Important Bacterial Pathogens in Culture-Negative Endocarditis Important Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Important Pathogens in Otitis Media Emerging Pathogens (Table 1.9) Zoonotic Pathogens (Table 1.10) Gastrointestinal Infections Foodborne Illness: Bacterial Associations (Table 1.11) Stool Pathogens Identification Methods Biochemical-Based Methods (Tables 1.4, 1.5, 1.6) Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 16S rDNA Sequencing of Bacterial Isolates Broad-Range PCR/16S Sequencing of Direct Specimens Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) – Methods Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion (Fig. 1.4) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Testing Broth Microdilution Automated Susceptibility Testing (Fig. 1.5) Gradient Diffusion (Etest, Liofilchem) (Fig. 1.6) Agar Dilution (Anaerobes Only) (Fig. 1.7) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – Interpretation Susceptible (S) Susceptible-Dose Dependent (SDD) Intermediate (I) Resistant (R) Nonsusceptible (NS) Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns – Intrinsic Resistance (Table 1.12) SPICE Organisms Colistin-Resistant Bacteria Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria Acquired Resistance Mechanisms Gram-Positive Bacteria Potential Treatment Options for Resistant Bacteria MRSA VRE Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms Antimicrobials with Poor CSF Penetration Antimicrobials with Anaerobic Coverage Aerobic Actinomycetes (not to be confused with Actinomyces) Bacteria That Do Not Grow on Routine Culture Media (Table 1.14) Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)/Mycobacteria (see Chapters 32 and 33) Diagnostic Methods – MTBC PPD/Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF PCR Diagnostic Methods – All Mycobacterium spp Smear Microscopy Culture Culture Identification Methods DNA Probes MALDI-TOF MS High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Sequencing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) Agar Proportion Broth Method Molecular Detection of Drug Resistance (MDDR) Assay (CDC) Drug-Resistant M. tuberculosis Pathology Stains (Table 1.16) 2 - Mycology Classification of Medically Important Fungi Definitions Yeast and Yeast-Like Organisms (Table 2.1) Differences among Candida spp Thermally Dimorphic Molds (Table 2.2) Zygomycetes Molds Hyaline Hyphomycetes (Table 2.3) Dematiaceous Molds (Table 2.4) Amphotericin-Resistant Fungi Diagnostic Methods Direct Microscopic Examination Blood Cultures Tissue Cultures Temperature Time to Positivity Stains (Fig. 2.8) Lactophenol Cotton Blue Calcofluor White Stain (Fig. 2.9) Direct Fluorescent Antibody Stain (Fig. 2.10) Giemsa Stain (Fig. 2.11) Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain (GMS) (Figs. 2.12 and 2.13) Periodic Acid–Schiff Stain (Fig. 2.14) Mucicarmine Stain (Fig. 2.15) Fontana–Masson Silver Stain (Fig. 2.16) India Ink (Fig. 2.17) Serologies, Antigen, and Molecular Testing T2Candida Assay Methods Interpretation Use (1,3)-Beta-D-Glucan Method Interpretation Caution Use Galactomannan Antigen Detection Methods Interpretation Use Caution Cryptococcal Antigen (CrAg) Methods Use and Interpretation Caution Histoplasma Antigen Methods Use and Interpretation Caution Histoplasma Antibodies Methods Use and Interpretation Caution Blastomyces Antibodies Methods Use and Interpretation Caution Coccidioides Antibodies Methods Interpretation and Use Caution Coccidioidal Antigen 3 - Virology Definitions Useful Information About Viruses Respiratory Viruses (Table 3.2) Adenovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Influenza Virus Human Metapneumovirus (MPV) Coronavirus Enterovirus Rhinovirus Human Parainfluenza Virus (PIV) Viral Gastroenteritis (Table 3.4) Astrovirus Norovirus Rotavirus Arboviruses (Table 3.5) Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Herpesviruses (Table 3.6) Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Diagnostic Testing Drug Resistance Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Human Herpesvirus 7(HHV-7) Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) Hepatitis Viruses (Table 3.8) Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Retroviruses (Table 3.11) Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Other Viral Agents of Clinical Significance (Table 3.12) Mumps Rubella Rabies 4 - Parasitology Overview of Parasitology PROTOZOA (TABLES 4.1–4.3) Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates Overview Epidemiology Identification Molecular Testing of Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa Amebae Diagnosis Entamoeba histolytica Epidemiology Life Cycle Identification Blastocystis spp. (Formerly B. hominis) Epidemiology Identification Flagellates Giardia lamblia (G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Epidemiology Life Cycle Identification Dientamoeba fragilis Epidemiology Identification Trichomonas vaginalis Identification Ciliates Balantidium coli Identification Intestinal Coccidia and Microsporidia Coccidia Cryptosporidium spp Epidemiology Life Cycle Identification Cyclospora spp C. cayetanensis Epidemiology Identification Cystoisospora belli Epidemiology Identification Sarcocystis spp Epidemiology Identification Microsporidia Epidemiology Identification (Fig. 4.12) Free-Living Amebae (Table 4.8) Naegleria fowleri Life Cycle Epidemiology Identification Acanthamoeba spp Life Cycle (see Fig. 4.13) Epidemiology Identification Balamuthia mandrillaris Epidemiology Identification Blood and Tissue Protozoa Malaria Key concepts Epidemiology Pathogenesis Virulence factors Prevention and Control Diagnosis Babesiosis Epidemiology Life Cycle (see Fig. 4.25) Identification Toxoplasmosis Epidemiology Life Cycle (Fig. 4.27) Identification Leishmaniasis Classification Epidemiology Life Cycle Identification Trypanosomiasis African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) Epidemiology Transmission Life Cycle Identification American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) Epidemiology Transmission Life Cycle Identification HELMINTHS Nematodes (Roundworms) Intestinal Nematodes Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) or Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) Hookworms Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) Strongyloides stercoralis Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm/Threadworm) (Fig. 4.41) Capillaria philippinensis (Capillariasis) Tissue Nematodes Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) Epidemiology Life Cycle Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) Epidemiology Life Cycle Neural Larva Migrans Epidemiology Life Cycle Trichinosis Epidemiology Life Cycle Angiostrongyliasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Anisakiasis Gnathostoma spp Dracunculiasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Infections) Lymphatic Filariasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Epidemiology Life Cycle Loiasis Epidemiology Life Cycle Mansonellosis Trematodes Liver/Lung Trematodes Liver Flukes Epidemiology Life Cycles Fascioliasis (Sheep Liver Fluke) Epidemiology Life Cycle Lung Fluke Epidemiology Life Cycle Intestinal Trematodes Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke) Epidemiology Life Cycle Echinostoma/Heterophyes/Metagonimus Blood Trematodes Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Epidemiology Life Cycle Cestodes (Tapeworms) Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Epidemiology Life Cycle Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm) Epidemiology Life Cycle: Cysticercosis Life Cycle: T. solium taeniasis Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm) Epidemiology Life Cycle Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm) Sparganosis Echinococcus granulosus Epidemiology Life Cycle Echinococcus multilocularis Epidemiology Life Cycle Identification of Intestinal Pathogens Specimens and Methods for Diagnosis Stool and Gastrointestinal Tract Samples Sputum/Bronchoalveolar Lavage Urine Blood CSF Tissue Skin snips Fluid from Hydatid Cysts Skin Lesions of Suspected Leishmania Bone Marrow and Splenic Aspirates for Suspected Leishmania Molecular Tests Serology and Antigen Tests Macroscopic Examination 5 - Antibacterials ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS Cell Wall-Active Agents Beta-Lactams Mechanism of Action Safety Penicillins Natural Penicillins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) Safety Antistaphylococcal Penicillins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Aminopenicillins Agents Spectrum Dosing/TDM Safety Penicillin/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations Agents Spectrum Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Cephalosporins First-Generation Cephalosporins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Second-Generation Cephalosporins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Third-Generation Cephalosporins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins Agents Spectrum Clinical uses Dosing/TDM Safety Anti-MRSA Cephalosporins Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Cephalosporin/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Carbapenems Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Carbapenem/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Monobactams Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Glycopeptides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Safety Lipoglycopeptides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Cyclic Lipopeptides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Polymyxins Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Fosfomycin Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Aminoglycosides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Oxazolidinones Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Macrolides, Lincosamides, Streptogramins (MLS) Macrolides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Fidaxomicin Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Lincosamides Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Streptogramins Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Nitrofurans Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Chloramphenicol Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Anchor 1553 Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Fluoroquinolones Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Nitroimidazoles Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Antimetabolites Folate Antagonists Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety SUMMARY TABLES 6 - ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS Introduction Goals of Therapy TB Treatment Phases ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS Aminoglycosides Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Bedaquiline Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Capreomycin Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Carbapenems Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Cefoxitin Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Clofazimine Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Cycloserine Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Dapsone Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Delamanid Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Ethambutol Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Ethionamide Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Fluoroquinolones Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Folate Antagonists Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Isoniazid Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Linezolid Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Macrolides Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing Safety Pyrazinamide Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Rifamycins Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Agents Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety 7 - Antifungal Agents Antifungal Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles Pharmacokinetics (PK) ANTIFUNGAL CLASSES Allylamines Mechanism of Action Terbinafine Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Polyenes Agents Mechanism of Action Amphotericin B Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Nystatin Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Nucleoside Analogs Mechanism of Action Flucytosine Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing/TDM Safety Azoles (Imidazoles and Triazoles) Imidazoles Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses PK/PD Dosing/TDM Safety Triazoles Agents Spectrum Clinical Uses Dosing TDM Safety Echinocandins Agents Mechanism of Action Spectrum Clinical Uses PK/PD Dosing/TDM Safety 8 - Antivirals Antiviral Drugs Against the Herpesviruses (Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Cytomegalovirus) Acyclic Guanosine Analogs Aciclovir and Valaciclovir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Famciclovir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Cidofovir and Brincidofovir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Pyrophosphate Analogs Foscarnet Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety CMV Terminase Complex Inhibitor Letermovir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Antiviral Drugs Against Influenza A and B and Other Respiratory Viruses Neuraminidase Inhibitors Oseltamivir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Peramivir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Zanamivir Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Matrix 2 Inhibitors Amantadine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Rimantadine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Polymerase Inhibitors Ribavirin Spectrum Mechanisms of Action Mechanism of resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Antiviral Drugs Against Hepatitis Viruses Antivirals for Hepatitis B Interferons Spectrum Mechanism of Action Safety Other Key Concepts Spectrum Mechanism of Action Safety Other Key Concepts Adefovira1397256787 Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Entecavira1397256787 Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Telbivudine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Tenofovira Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Safety Other Key Concepts Antivirals for Hepatitis C Interferons (in combination with ribavirin) Direct Acting Antiviral Agents for HCV (DAAs) Protease Inhibitors ( “… previr”) Mechanism of Action Safety Other Key Concepts Nucleos(t)ide Polymerase Inhibitors (NPIs) (“… buvir”) Mechanism of Action Safety Nonnucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors (NNPIs) (“… buvir”) Mechanism of Action Safety NS5A inhibitors (“…asvir”) Mechanism of Action Other Antivirals Imiquimod Spectrum Safety Mechanism of Action 9 - ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS Antimalarial Drugs Artemisinin Derivatives Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety 4-Aminoquinolones Chloroquine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Mefloquine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Quinine/Quinidine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety 8-Aminoquinolones Primaquine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Atovaquone Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Proguanil Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Pyrimethamine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Agents for Leishmania and Trypanosomiasis Antimonials Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Miltefosine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Paromomycin Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Benznidazole Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Eflornithine Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Melarsoprol Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Nifurtimox Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Suramin Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Agents for Other Protozoa Nitazoxanide Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Antihelminth Agents Benzimidazoles Albendazole Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Mebendazole Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Triclabendazole Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Other Agents Ivermectin Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Pyrantel Pamoate Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Praziquantel Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Niclosamide Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety Bithionol Spectrum Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Safety 10 - Fevers and Sepsis FEVERS Definitions Epidemiology Clinical Approach to Fever Treatment Antipyretics Direct Cooling Clinical Approach to a Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) Treatment SEPSIS Definitions Epidemiology Clinical Approach to Sepsis Treatment Antiinfective Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Undifferentiated Sepsis Pulmonary Focus Urinary Tract Focus Intraabdominal Focus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Risk Factors for Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) Source Control Continued Therapy 11 - Head and Neck Infections OPHTHALMIC INFECTIONS Definitions Anatomy Conjunctivitis Definition Epidemiology Microbiology Clinical Presentation Chlamydia Trachoma Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis Neisseria Other Treatment Keratitis Epidemiology Microbiology (Table 11.2) Clinical Presentation Viral Keratitis HSV 1 and HSV 2 Varicella Vaccinia and Adenovirus Bacterial Keratitis Fungal Keratitis Amebic Keratitis Uveitis Anterior Uveitis Intermediate Uveitis Posterior Uveitis Viral Uveitis Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) (Fig. 11.8) Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) (Fig. 11.9) Bacterial Uveitis Syphilis Bartonella Lyme Disease Tuberculosis Parasitic Uveitis Toxoplasma (Fig. 11.10) Toxocara Endophthalmitis Definition Epidemiology/Microbiology Diagnosis Treatment INFECTIONS OF THE HEAD AND NECK Otitis and Mastoiditis Definitions Epidemiology Clinical Features and Treatment (Table 11.5) Parotitis Definition Epidemiology Microbiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Peritonsillar Abscess Definition Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Ludwig’s Angina Definition Epidemiology/Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis/Treatment Vincent’s Angina Definition Epidemiology Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis/Treatment Lemierre Syndrome Definition Epidemiology/Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis/Treatment Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Definition Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Cervicofacial Actinomycosis Epidemiology Microbiology Clinical Presentation Treatment DEEP NECK SPACE INFECTIONS Definition Epidemiology/Microbiology Clinical Features Diagnosis/Treatment Osteomyelitis of the Jaw Definition Epidemiology/Microbiology Clinical Features Treatment 12 - Central Nervous System Infections MENINGITIS Acute Bacterial Meningitis Meningococcal Meningitis Pneumococcal Meningitis Listeria Meningitis Gram-Negative Bacilli Meningitis Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Antibiotics Empirical Treatment Pathogen-Specific Treatment Adjunctive Steroids Chemoprophylaxis for Confirmed or Probable Meningococcal Meningitis Rationale Outcomes Acute Viral Meningitis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Chronic Meningitis Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) (see Chapter 32) Epidemiology Clinical Features Investigations Management Other Causes of Chronic Meningitis Neurosurgical Infections Healthcare-Associated Meningitis CSF Shunt Infections Mechanisms of Shunt Infection Clinical Features External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Infection Investigations Management OTHER CNS INFECTIONS Encephalitis Definition Epidemiology Investigations Neuroimaging Management Key Facts of HSV-1 Encephalitis Other Causes of Encephalitis Brain Abscess Definition Etiology of Cerebral Abscesses (Fig. 12.8) Predisposing Factors (Table 12.11) Microbiology Clinical Features (Table 12.12) Investigation Imaging Management Outcomes Subdural Empyema Epidural Abscesses Spinal Epidural Abscess Intracranial Epidural Abscess Toxin-Mediated Infection Tetanus and Botulism Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) Human Prion Diseases Clinical Features Prevention 13 -Respiratory Infections UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Pharyngitis Treatment Pertinent Pharyngitis Syndromes Lemierre’s Syndrome Diphtheria Streptococcal Scarlet Fever Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum Infectious Mononucleosis Epiglottitis Acute Epiglottitis Chronic Epiglottitis Sinusitis Acute Sinusitis Chronic Sinusitis Clinical Manifestations of Sinusitis Diagnosis Therapy Complications Bronchitis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Therapy Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis Pertussis Otitis Media Sequelae of Otitis Media Pathogenesis Microbiology Bacteria Viruses Diagnosis Therapy COMMUNITY RESPIRATORY VIRUSES Influenza Notable Influenza Strains Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Parainfluenza Virus (PIV) Adenovirus (AdV) Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Coronavirus LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Severe CAP Nonsevere CAP Atypical Pneumonias Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (see Chapter 31) Legionella Radiographic Findings Nosocomial Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia/Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Radiography Diagnosis Treatment MRSA Coverage Pseudomonal Coverage Chronic Pneumonia Radiography Pulmonary Nocardiosis Pulmonary Actinomycosis Melioidosis Rhodococcus Mycobacterial Pneumonia Pulmonary Tuberculosis (see Chapter 32) Children Adults Pathogenesis Diagnosis Radiography Treatment for Active Pulmonary TB Reasons for Extending Length of Therapy Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (see Chapter 33) Diagnosis Radiographic Presentations Treatment MAC . kansasii . abscessus . fortuitum Pleural Infections Diagnosis Chronic Empyemas Noninfectious Etiologies of Pleural Effusions Lung Abscess Aspiration Pneumonia 14 - Bacteremia and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Definitions Epidemiology Gram-Positive BSI Gram-Negative BSI Clinical Presentation and Initial Assessment Treatment Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) Pathogenesis (see Fig. 14.1) Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Catheter Removal Prevention 15 - Cardiac and Cardiac Device Infections INFECTIONS INVOLVING CARDIAC STRUCTURES Endocarditis Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Pericarditis Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Myocarditis Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Rheumatic Fever Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment CARDIAC DEVICE-RELATED INFECTION Cardiac Implanted Electronic Device (CIED)-Related Infections Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Mechanical Circulatory Support Device-Related Infections Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment INFECTION INVOLVING THE MEDIASTINUM Mediastinitis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment 16 - Gastrointestinal Infections GASTROENTERITIS Definitions Risk Factors for Gastroenteritis Foodborne Exposure-Related Host-Related Clinical Presentation (see also Table 16.2) Red Flag Symptoms of Gastroenteritis Requiring Urgent Investigation Indications for Antibiotic Use VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS Epidemiology Clinical Features Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Specific Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis Norovirus Epidemiology Transmission Outbreaks Clinical Manifestations Investigations and Diagnosis Management Infection Prevention and Control Adenovirus Rotavirus Sapovirus BACTERIAL GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS Specific Causes of Bacterial Gastroenteritis Escherichia coli Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC, also called Shiga toxin-producing E. coli or STEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC or EAggEc) Campylobacter Definition Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features Complications Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Definition Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Antibiotic Treatment Asymptomatic Carriage Chronic Carriage Food Handlers and Healthcare Workers Enteric Fever or Typhoid Epidemiology Clinical Features of Enteric Fever Diagnosis Treatment Antibiotic Treatment for Enteric Fever Definition Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features (Fig. 16.4) Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Definition Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management Definition Epidemiology Vibrio cholerae Transmission Clinical Features Treatment and Management Vibrio vulnificas Fresh Water Pathogens Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile Clinical Manifestations (Fig. 16.5) Investigations and Diagnosis Management PARASITIC CAUSES OF DIARRHEA TOXIN-MEDIATED GASTROENTERITIS Definition Specific Causes of Toxin-Mediated Disease Definition Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis/Investigation and Treatment Definition Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Scombroid Definition Transmission Clinical Features Treatment and Management Ciguatera Poisoning Transmission Clinical Features Investigations and Diagnosis Treatment and Management 17 - Peritonitis, Intraabdominal Abscess, Hepatobiliary Infections, Splenic Infections Definitions Peritonitis Primary Peritonitis Epidemiology Microbiology Pathogenesis Secondary Peritonitis Microbiology Pathogenesis Tertiary Peritonitis Microbiology Pathogenesis PD-Peritonitis Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation of Peritonitis Diagnosis Management Primary Peritonitis Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis Prevention Primary Peritonitis Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis PD-Peritonitis Prognosis Primary Peritonitis Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis PD-Peritonitis Inraabdominal Abscesses Intraperitoneal Abscess Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2) Prognosis Pancreatic Abscess Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2) Prognosis Pyogenic Liver Abscess Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2) Prognosis Amebic Liver Abscess Microbiology/Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2) Prognosis Hydatid Liver Abscess Retroperitoneal and Psoas Abscesses Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2) Prognosis Splenic Abscess Hepatobiliary Infection Epidemiology Pathogenesis Microbiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Pancreatitis Epidemiology Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Splenic Infection Epidemiology Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis (see Table 17.4) Management Prognosis 18 - Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections Lower Genital Tract Infections Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Trichomonas Vaginalis (TV) Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Female Pelvic Infections Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Intrauterine Device (IUD)-Associated Infections Definitions Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Postabortion Sepsis Epidemiology Complications Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Postpartum Endometritis Definition Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Investigations Management Chorioamnionitis Definition Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Complications Investigations Management Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) during Pregnancy Epidemiology Pathogenesis Complications Clinical Features Investigations Management Other Infections Complicating Pregnancy 19 - Genitourinary Tract Infection Definitions and Terminology Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis Mode of Infection Virulence Factors Host Defense Epidemiology and Natural History IDSA Recommendations: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Microbiology (Table 19.2) Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Supportive Management Antimicrobial Management Choice of Agent Duration IDSA Recommendations for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Catheter-Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Reduce Risk of CA-UTI Duration of Treatment Relapsing Infection Recurrent Infection Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy Management Lower Tract Infection Upper Tract Infection Renal Abscess Perinephric Abscess Intrarenal Abscess Uncommon Diagnoses Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP) Size of Abscess and Resolution Imaging Epididymitis, Orchitis, Prostatic Infection Epididymitis Management Orchitis Prostatitis Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis Granulomatous Prostatitis Differential Prostatic Abscess 20 - Infections of Pregnancy Complications of Infection in Pregnancy: Overview Key principles Coxiella burnetii Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Listeriosis Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Treatment Streptococcus agalactiae Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Risk Factors for GBS Neonatal Disease Intrapartum Prophylaxis Syphilis Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prevention Toxoplasmosis Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Treatment and Prevention Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease) Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Measles Effect on Pregnancy Management and Prevention Parvovirus B19 Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Prevention Rubella Epidemiology Clinical Features Management and Prevention Zika Prevention Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Prevention Clinical Features Treatment Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Prevention Clinical Features Fetal Consequences of Primary VZV Infection Management Postexposure Prophylaxis Treatment Monitoring Hepatitis B (HBV) Management Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Other Infections in Pregnancy with Adverse Maternal Outcome 21 - Sexually Transmitted Infections Definitions Approach to the Sexual History INFLAMMATORY INFECTIONS Chlamydia trachomatis Microbiology Epidemiology of Genital Tract Serovars Clinical Manifestations of Genital Tract Serovars Diagnosis of Genital Tract Serovars Screening Treatment of Genital Tract Serovars Epidemiology of LGV Serovars Clinical Manifestations of LGV Serovars Diagnosis of LGV Serovars Treatment of LGV Serovars Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microbiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Screening Treatment Mycoplasma genitalium Microbiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Trichomonas vaginalis Microbiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis: Vaginitis and Urethritis Screening Treatment Bacterial Vaginosis Other Causes of Vaginitis GENITAL ULCERS Treponema pallidum Microbiology Clinical Manifestations Stages of Disease Primary Syphilis (Figs. 21.5A and B) Secondary Syphilis (Figs. 21.6A and 21.B) Latent Syphilis Tertiary Syphilis Diagnosis Treatment Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (and Type 1) Virology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Initial Infection Symptomatic Recurrence (Fig. 21.8) Asymptomatic Reactivation (Shedding) Diagnosis Screening Treatment Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid) Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Treatment Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) Lipschutz Ulcer Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Virology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention OTHER PATHOGENS WHICH MAY BE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Enteric Pathogens 22 - Hepatitis Viruses Clinical Presentation of Hepatitis Acute Infection Chronic Infection Summary of the Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis A (HAV) Epidemiology Acute Infection (Fig. 22.1) Prevention Hepatitis B (HBV) Epidemiology Acute Infection (Fig. 22.2A) Chronic Infection (Fig. 22.2B) Diagnostics Treatment Prognosis Prevention Hepatitis C (HCV) (Fig. 22.3) Epidemiology Acute Infection Chronic Infection Treatment (Fig. 22.4) Prevention Hepatitis D Clinical Course (Fig. 22.5) Prevention Hepatitis E (Fig. 22.6) Acute Infection Chronic Infection Prevention Other Infection-related Hepatic Conditions Hepatitis G and Transfusion-Transmitted Virus (TTV) HIV and Viral Hepatitis Co-infections Other Infectious Causes of Hepatic Parenchymal Disease Other Infection-related Causes of Hepatic Parenchymal Disease Likely Mimics for Viral Hepatitis 23 - Viral Exanthems and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Introduction Parvovirus B19 Exanthems Caused by Human Parvovirus B19 Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) Clinical Features Investigations Papular-Purpuric “Glove-and-Socks” Syndrome (PPGSS) Other Manifestations of Parvovirus Infection Aplastic Crisis in Patients with Hemolytic Anemia Chronic Parvovirus Infection in the Immunosuppressed Intrauterine Infection Asymptomatic Infection Treatment and Prevention Enterovirus Exanthems Caused by Enteroviruses Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Features Atypical HFMD Treatment and Prevention Measles Epidemiology and transmission Complications Other Manifestations of Measles Infection Atypical Measles Modified Measles Measles in Certain Groups Treatment and Prevention Rubella The Rubella Exanthem Complications Congenital Rubella Syndrome Treatment and Prevention Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Varicella The Varicella Exanthem Breakthrough Varicella Complications Varicella and Pregnancy Treatment and Prevention Postexposure Prophylaxis Herpes Zoster (HZ) The Herpes Zoster Exanthem Treatment and Prevention Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7 Exanthem Subitum Other Viral Exanthems Smallpox Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epstein–Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Cutaneous Manifestations of CMV Infection Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) Clinical Features Prevention Dengue Clinical Features Chikungunya Clinical Features Zika Clinical Features Prevention and Management Mumps Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment Polio Clinical Features Prevention 24 - Disease Due to Spirochetes, Excluding Syphilis Spirochetes Endemic Treponematoses Epidemiology Microbiology Pathogenesis Yaws (Frambesia, Pian, Buda, Bouba) Endemic Syphilis (Bejel, Njovera, Siti, Dichuchwa) Pinta (Mal del Pinto, Carate, Enfermedad Azul) Diagnosis of Endemic Treponematoses Treatment Leptospirosis Epidemiology and Transmission Microbiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Relapsing Fevers Microbiology Epidemiology Tickborne Relapsing Fever Louseborne Relapsing Fever Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease) Epidemiology United States Vector Clinical Presentation Early Lyme Disease Erythema Migrans Borrelial Lymphocytoma Cardiac Disease Clinical Presentation: Early Neurologic Lyme Disease Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Clinical Presentation: Ocular Lyme Disease Clinical Presentation: Late Lyme Disease Investigations Erythema Migrans Extracutaneous Lyme Disease Serology Treatment Options Prevention Prophylaxis Post Lyme Disease Syndrome 25 - Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Toxin-Mediated Diseases General Principles MAJOR SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS Impetigo Folliculitis Furuncles and Carbuncles Erysipelas Cellulitis Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection Pyomyositis Clostridial Myonecrosis SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS ENCOUNTERED IN UNIQUE CLINICAL SITUATIONS (TABLE 25.2) Infections Associated with Aquatic Exposures Aeromonas species Vibrio vulnificus Mycobacterium marinum Animal Bite Infections Dog and Cat Bites Human Bites Wild Animal Bites Infections After Traumatic Injury Infections Associated With Burn Injury Surgical Site Infections OTHER ORGANISM-SPECIFIC SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS Cutaneous Anthrax Erysipelothrix Infection Herpes Zoster Dermatophytosis Sporotrichosis DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ORGANISM-SPECIFIC SSTI BASED ON SKIN LESION CHARACTERISTICS (TABLE 25.3) Toxin-Mediated Diseases Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 26 - Bone and Joint Infections Diabetic Foot Infections and Associated Osteomyelitis Epidemiology Diagnosis (see Fig. 26.1) Treatment Septic Arthritis Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment Vertebral Osteomyelitis Epidemiology Diagnosis Causative Organisms Treatment Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment 27 - Infections Caused by Yeasts and Yeast-Like Fungi Cryptococcosis Microbiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM) Lung Skin Other Diagnosis Management Other Considerations in Management Pneumocystis Microbiology Epidemiology of Infection and Disease Clinical Features of PCP Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Candidiasis Mucosal Candidiasis Cutaneous Candidiasis Syndromes Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) Esophageal Candidiasis Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) (See Chapter 18) Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Otomycosis Invasive Candidiasis Candidemia Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis (Hepatosplenic Candidiasis) Urinary Tract Candidiasis Other Yeasts Trichosporon spp Rhodotorula Malassezia spp Blastoschizomyces capitatus Saccharomyces spp 28 - The Dimorphic Mycoses Definitions Histoplasma capsulatum, H. duboisii Epidemiology Clinical Features Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis Disseminated Histoplasmosis Fibrosing Mediastinitis Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis Treatment of Histoplasmosis Indications for Antifungal Therapy (adapted from IDSA Guidelines, 2007) Blastomyces dermatitidis Epidemiology Clinical Features Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis Chronic Pulmonary Blastomycosis Disseminated Blastomycosis Diagnosis of Blastomycosis Treatment of Blastomycosis Coccidioides immitis, C. posadasii Acute Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Chronic Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii Acute/Subacute Paracoccidioidomycosis Chronic Paracoccidioidomycosis Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Treatment of Paracoccidioidomycosis Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei Epidemiology Clinical Features of Talaromycosis Diagnosis of Talaromycosis Treatment of Talaromycosis Sporothrix spp Epidemiology Clinical Features of Sporotrichosis Diagnosis Treatment Emmonsia spp 29 - Monomorphic Mold Infections Microbiology Aspergillus Penicillium Zygomycetes Scedosporium Dematiaceous Fungi Dermatophytes Invasive Pulmonary Mycoses Clinical Syndromes Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Clinical Syndromes Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Ocular Disease Invasive Fungal Sinusitis Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis Central Nervous System Infection Clinical Syndromes Clinical presentation Diagnosis Treatment Dermatophytosis Clinical Syndromes Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Other Cutaneous Mold Infection Clinical Syndromes Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment 30 - Arthropod-Borne Diseases MAJOR ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES Lyme Disease Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) Babesiosis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rickettsialpox Spotted Fever Associated with R. parkeri STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness) Tick Paralysis Tickborne Relapsing Fever Trench Fever Typhus Fevers Scrub Typhus Epidemic Typhus Murine/Endemic Typhus MAJOR ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES (TABLE 30.4) Mosquito-Borne Illnesses Dengue Fever Chikungunya Fever Zika Virus Disease Yellow Fever Malaria (see also Chapter 34) ARTHROPOD-BORNE ILLNESSES ACQUIRED ABROAD Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Chagas Disease African Sleeping Sickness Oroya Fever African Tick Bite Fever Other Travel-Related Vectorborne Spotted Fevers 31 - Infections Associated with Animal Exposure Leptospirosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bartonellosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Brucellosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Q Fever Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Tularemia Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Other Important Infections Anthrax Treatment Plague Rat-Bite Fever Hantavirus Monkeypox and Cowpox Orf Herpes B Virus Psittacosis Rabies Other Animal-Associated Infections 32 - Tuberculosis Etiology Epidemiology Natural History TB Infection Treatment of TB Infection TB Disease: Clinical Syndromes Pulmonary TB Primary TB Reactivation TB TB pleuritis Endobronchial TB Miliary TB Extrapulmonary TB TB Lymphadenitis Central Nervous System TB TB Endophthalmitis Bone and Joint TB TB Pericarditis BCG disease TB Diagnosis Treatment People with HIV MDR-TB 33 - Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Introduction Microbiology and Classification Epidemiology Risk Factors for NTM Disease Routes of Transmission Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Pulmonary Disease CLINICALLY IMPORTANT NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA M. avium Complex (MAC) MAC Lung Disease MAC Disseminated Disease MAC Lymphadenitis MAC Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis M. chimaera M. kansasii Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Pulmonary Disease Disseminated Disease Treatment M. abscessus (RGM) Microbiology and Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Pulmonary Disease M. chelonae (RGM) Clinical Presentation Treatment M. fortuitum group (RGM) Clinical Presentation Treatment M. leprae Microbiology and Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Immune-Mediated Reactions Diagnosis Treatment Other Clinically Relevant Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species 34 - Protozoa Introduction BLOOD AND TISSUE PROTOZOA Malaria Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prophylaxis Treatment American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment African Trypanosomiasis: Sleeping Sickness Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Babesiosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Leishmaniasis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Toxoplasmosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment INTESTINAL PROTOZOA Neobalantidiasis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Cryptosporidiosis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Cyclosporiasis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis) Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Therapy Amebiasis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Giardiasis Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment A Few More Notable Intestinal Organisms Blastocystis species (previously B. hominis) Dientamoeba fragilis Microsporidia Intestinal Pathogens: Summary FREE-LIVING AMEBA Naegleria Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Balamuthia Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis GAE Cutaneous Lesions Treatment Acanthamoeba Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis GAE Keratitis Other Treatment GAE Keratitis Other Sappinia Microbiology and Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features 35 - Helminths SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS Ascaris Lumbricoides (Roundworm) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management Other Nematode Roundworms Strongyloides Stercoralis Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management TISSUE NEMATODES Trichinella spp Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations Management Dracunculiasis: Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm) Clinical Manifestations Management Control and Prevention Lymphatic Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Clinical Manifestations Management Control Loiasis: Loa loa (African Eye Worm) Clinical Manifestations Management Onchocerciasis: Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness) Clinical Manifestations Management Control Other Important Tissue Nematodes Angiostrongylus Baylisascaris Anisakis Toxocara SCHISTOSOMES AND OTHER FLUKES (TREMATODE FLATWORMS) Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations Acute Schistosomiasis Chronic Infection Pathology Directly Related to Schistosome Species . mansoni and S. japonicum . haematobium Diagnosis Treatment Control and Prevention Foodborne Trematodes (Fluke Infections) Clinical Manifestations Management Treatment Clonorchis sinensis (and Opisthorchis spp.): Chinese Liver Fluke Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations Management Paragonimiasis (Lung Fluke) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Management Fasciolopsiasis (Intestinal Trematode); Fasciolopsis Buski CESTODES Taeniasis and Diphyllobothriasis (Tapeworms) Clinical Manifestations Management Cysticercosis: T. solium Clinical Manifestations Neurocysticercosis Diagnosis Neurocysticercosis Management Prevention Echinococcosis Clinical Manifestations . granulosus Management KEY FEATURES: SUMMARY (SEE TABLE 35.1) 36 - Natural History of HIV Epidemiology History Global HIV Statistics Pathogenesis Virology Replication Cycle The Course and Immune Response to HIV Infection Transmission Acute/Early HIV Infection Time Course Clinical Presentation Long Term Nonprogressor HIV Infection Diagnostics When to Test Diagnostic Testing Prevention 37 - Noninfectious Complications of HIV Neurologic Complications Dermatologic Manifestations Endocrinopathy Hematologic Manifestations Kidney Complications Cardiovascular Complications Pulmonary Complications Gastrointestinal Manifestations Malignancies Summary of Common HIV-Associated Conditions 38 - Antiretroviral Therapy Antiretroviral Agents Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Recommended Agents Tenofovir Lamivudine (3TC)/Emtricitabine (FTC) Alternative Agents Abacavir (ABC) Zidovudine (AZT) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) Recommended Agents Alternative Agents Efavirenz (EFV) Rilpivirine (RPV) Doravirine (DOR) Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) Recommended Agents Raltegravir (RAL) Dolutegravir (DTG) Bictegravir (BIC) Alternative Agents Elvitegravir (ETG) Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Recommended Agents Darunavir (DRV) Alternative Agents Atazanavir (ATV) Entry Inhibitors (Not Routinely Used) Chemokine Receptor Antagonists Maraviroc (MVC) Fusion Inhibitors Infrequently Used Antiretroviral Agents What, When, and Why of Antiretroviral Therapy When to Start ART? What ART to Start? (Table 38.3) Why Do Regimens Fail? When to Change Antiretroviral Resistance Resistance Assays Drug–Drug Interactions Special Considerations Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Nonoccupational Exposure Occupational Exposure Acute HIV Infection ART in Pregnancy HIV–TB Co-infection HIV–HBV Co-infection HIV–HCV Co-infection (Table 38.7) HIV-2 Infection 39 - Opportunistic Infections in HIV Definitions Epidemiology Diagnostic Approach Treatment Prevention OVERVIEW OF KEY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS Fungal Infections Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) (see Chapter 27) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Cryptococcosis (see Chapter 27) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Candidiasis (see Chapter 27) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Coccidioidomycosis (see Chapter 27) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Histoplasmosis Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Talaromycosis (formerly Penicilliosis) Bacterial Infections Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Syphilis Bartonellosis Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Bacterial Enteric Infections Rhodococcus equi Protozoal Infections Toxoplasmosis Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Cryptosporidiosis Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Microsporidiosis Cystoisosporiasis Cyclosporiasis Other Protozoal Infections Viral Infections Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Overview and Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Parvovirus B19 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) HIV-Associated Malignancies Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 40 - Infections in Patients with Cancer and Immunosuppressive Therapy Febrile Neutropenia (FN) Definition Risk for Developing FN Complications Due to FN Infection Risk Causes of FN Work-up Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Empiric Treatment Modifications to Initial Therapy Indications to Expand Initial Empiric Therapy Bloodstream Infections Neutropenic Colitis Pneumonia Etiologies Invasive Mold Infections (see Chapter 29) Unique Infection Risks in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies Infections Associated With Other Chemotherapy Agents Infections Associated With Immunosuppressants Lymphocyte Depleting Agents Steroids Cytokine Blocking Interleukin Receptor Antagonists T-Cell Costimulation Blockade: Abatacept, Belatacept Adhesion Blocking: Natalizumab, Vedolizumab Complement Inhibitor: Eculizumab 41 - Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Introduction Risk Assessment for Infectious Disease Donor and Recipient Screening Frequently Utilized Serologic Tests for Screening of the Donor and Recipient Recommendations for Results of Screening Serologies Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epstein–Barr Virus Toxoplasma gondii Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Syphilis Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strongyloides stercoralis Coccidioides immitis Unusual Donor Infections and Typical Presentations Vaccinations Timely Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Complications Timeline of Infections after Transplantation Less than 4 Weeks Posttransplant Between 1 and 6 Months Posttransplant Greater than 6 Months Posttransplant Specific Infections or Clinical Syndromes Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Cytomegalovirus Epstein–Barr Virus and Posttransplant Lympho­prolife­rative Disorder (PTLD) BK Polyomavirus (BKV) and Nephropathy (BKVN) Adenovirus Invasive Fungal Infections (IFI) Toxoplasmosis (see Chapter 34) Strongyloidiasis Clinical Syndromes Fever with Unclear Focus Meningitis/Encephalitis Focal Brain Abscess or Space-Occupying Lesions Pneumonia Enteritis/Colitis Hepatitis Skin and Soft Tissue Other Important Points Infectious Disease Mimics in SOT (See Chapter 48) Drug Interactions Side Effects of Immunosuppressive Medications 42 - Infections in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients Definitions Epidemiology Underlying Disease Process Conditioning Regimen Donor Source/Type of Transplant Presence of GVHD Pretransplant Exposure History Time Period after Transplantation High-risk patient characteristics Low-risk patient characteristics Prophylaxis Infections Encountered After HCT Preengraftment: Time of Transplantation (Day 0) through Day 30 Bacteria Fungi Viruses Early Postengraftment: Days 31 to 100 Bacteria Viruses Cytomegalovirus Varicella-Zoster Virus Epstein–Barr Virus HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 BK Virus Parvovirus B19 Fungi Late Postengraftment: >100 Days Until Normal Immunity (c. 18–36 Months After HCT) Bacteria Encapsulated bacteria Intracellular Bacteria Filamentous bacteria Viruses Adenovirus Fungi Pneumocystis jirovecii (see Chapter 27) Non-Aspergillus mold infections (see Chapter 29) Dimorphic fungi (see Chapter 28) Non-Candidal yeasts Parasites Infections: Summary Clinical Presentation Approach to HCT Recipients With Pneumonia Diagnosis Treatment Approach to HCT Recipients With Diarrhea Differential Diagnosis (Table 42.5) Fungal Noninfectious Diagnosis Treatment Approach to HCT Recipients With CNS Disease Differential Diagnosis Infectious Noninfectious Treatment Approach to the HCT Recipient With Skin Lesions Differential Diagnosis Bacterial (during period of neutropenia) Fungal Viral Parasites Noninfectious Approach to the HCT Recipient With Transaminitis Differential Diagnosis Viral Fungal Noninfectious Treatment 43 - Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Definition Presentation T Cell Defects Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) CD40 Ligand Deficiency GATA2 Deficiency Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) B Cell Defects IgA Deficiency X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID) Phagocytic Defects Complement Defects Folate Metabolism Defects Hereditary Folate Malabsorption Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) Deficiency Hyper IgE (Job’s) Syndrome Additional Note Assessment History and Physical Findings to Suggest Defects Treatment Conventional Therapy Definitive Treatments 44 - Infection Control and Prevention Definitions Outbreak Investigation Infection Prevention Programs Standard Precautions Transmission-Based Precautions Airborne Precautions Droplet Precautions Contact Precautions Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) Surgical Site Infections Clostridioides difficile infection Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Surveillance for HAIs Employee Health Antimicrobial Stewardship 45 - Adult Immunization Definitions VACCINES USED IN ADULTS Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Immunization against Tuberculosis Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Immunization Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Immunization Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Immunization Herpes Zoster Immunization Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Immunization Influenza Immunization Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis, and Inactivated Polio Immunization Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis Polio Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization Meningococcal Immunization Pneumococcal Immunization Immunization Recommendations Summary 46 - General Principles of Travel Medicine Pretravel Consultation Risk Assessment Office Interventions Vaccinations Specific Vaccine Issues Yellow Fever Malaria Prophylaxis Travelers’ Diarrhea Patient’s Pretravel Education – Targeted to Itinerary Areas Travelers With Special Health Needs Travelers With Diabetes Traveling in Pregnancy Traveling While Immunosuppressed Posttravel Evaluation Fever Within 10 Days of Return Fever Between 10 and 21 Days Fever After 21 Days Returning Travelers Presenting With Diarrhea Returning Travelers Presenting With Dermatologic Conditions Eosinophilia in the Returning Traveler 47 - Bioterrorism Background Syndromic Awareness Categorization of Biological Agents Category A Organisms Anthrax Epidemiology Anthrax as a Bioweapon Clinical Features Inhalational Cutaneous Immediate Management Diagnosis Treatment Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis Botulinum Toxin Epidemiology Botulinum Toxin as a Bioweapon Clinical Features Immediate Management Diagnosis Treatment Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis Pneumonic Plague Epidemiology Plague as a Bioweapon Clinical Features Bubonic Plague Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions Diagnosis Treatment Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis Smallpox Epidemiology Smallpox as a Bioweapon Clinical Features Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions Diagnosis Treatment Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis Tularemia Tularemia as a Bioweapon Treatment Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers VHFs as a Bioweapon Category B Organisms Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Coxiella as a Bioweapon Glanders Epidemiology Clinical Features Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions Diagnosis Treatment Postexposure Prophylaxis Psittacosis Chlamydophila psittaci as a Bioweapon Treatment Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus Epidemic Typhus as a Bioweapon Clinical Features Treatment 48 - Syndromes that Mimic Infectious Diseases Introduction Fever as Principal Feature Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Other Autoimmune Diseases Vasculitis Giant Cell Arteritis (Large Vessel Vasculitis) Kawasaki Syndrome (Medium Vessel Vasculitis) Other Vasculitides Takayasu arteritis (large vessel vasculitis) Polyarteritis nodosa (medium vessel vasculitis) Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) Behçet syndrome IgA vasculitis (formerly Henoch–Schonlein purpura) Relapsing polychondritis Neoplastic Disorders Lymphoma Renal Cell Carcinoma Leukemias Atrial Myxoma Autoinflammatory Diseases Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes FMF TNF-Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS) Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (Hyper IgD Syndrome, HIDS) Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) Periodic Fever with Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis (PFAPA Syndrome) Fever and Rash Adult Onset Still’s Disease Schnitzler’s Syndrome Sweet’s Syndrome (Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis) Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) Acute Pustular Psoriasis of von Zumbusch Loxoscelism Weber–Christian Disease Serum Sickness Syndrome Fever, Muscular Rigidity, Mental Status Change Serotonin Syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Malignant Hyperthermia Anticholinergic Poisoning Fever and Cytopenia Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Pneumonia Mimics Organizing Pneumonia Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome) Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Daptomycin-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonia Lymphadenopathy Sarcoidosis Kikuchi’s Disease Gastrointestinal Syndromes Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Cellulitis Mimics Wells Disease (Eosinophilic Cellulitis) Pyoderma Gangrenosum Erythromelalgia Osteomyelitis Mimics Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome Other ID Mimics Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome IgG4-Related Diseases 49 - High Yield Biostatistics Introduction Definitions Common Study Designs in Infectious Diseases Cross-Sectional Ecological Case–Control Cohort Randomized Controlled Trial Types of Statistical Tests for Independent Samples Types of Statistical Tests Parametric Tests for Continuous Variables (see Table 49.2) Logistic Regression Cox Proportional Hazards How to Approach Creation of a Multivariable Model Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests Measures Used to Evaluate Diagnostic Tests Predictive Values Calculated Based on Bayes’ Theorem Likelihood Ratios (LR) and Diagnostic Tests Receiver-Operator Curve (ROC) and Diagnostic Tests Meta-Analysis 50 - Commonly Encountered Skin Manifestations in Infectious Disease BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASES Impetigo Ecthyma Folliculitis Furuncle/Carbuncle Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Cutaneous Anthrax (Woolsorter’s Disease) (see Chapter 31) Corynebacterium spp Erythema Marginatum (see Chapter 15) Erythema Migrans (see Chapter 24) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (see Chapter 30) Treponema pallidum (see Chapter 21) Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Mycobacterial Skin Diseases Buruli Ulcer Leprosy (also called Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium marinum Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria FUNGAL SKIN DISEASES Candida Intertrigo Oral Candidiasis (see Chapter 11) Erosio Interdigitalis Blastomycetica Dermatophyte Infections (see Chapter 29) Chromoblastomycosis Dimorphic Mycoses (see Chapter 28) Coccidioidomycosis Cutaneous Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis Mucocutaneous Paracoccidioidomycosis Talaromyces marneffei (previously known as Penicillium marneffei) Sporotrichosis VIRAL SKIN DISEASES Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) (see Chapters 23 and 45) Chickenpox (Primary Varicella Infection) Herpes Zoster (Varicella Reactivation) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Herpes Gladiatorum Herpes Whitlow Anogenital HSV Eczema Herpeticum or Kaposi’s Varicelliform Eruption Disseminated HSV Recurrent Erythema Multiforme Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Common Warts (Verruca vulgaris) Genital Warts (Condylomata acuminata) (Figs. 50.27 and 50.28) Other Notable Patterns of HPV-Related Disease Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) (see Chapter 23) Associated with HIV/AIDS (see Chapters 37 and 39) Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) (see Chapter 39) Bacillary Angiomatosis (BA) (see Chapters 31 and 39) Eosinophilic Folliculitis (EF) aka Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis Some Quick Additional HIV and Skin Associations PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cutaneous Helminthiasis Cutaneous Larva Migrans Larva Currens Gnathostomiasis INFESTATIONS Scabies Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) Bites (Fig. 50.37) Cutaneous Myiasis SUMMARY OF CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTION 51 - ID Memory Aids A–Z of Zoonoses Food Associations Environmental Exposures ‘I say…, you say…’ Disease Associations Clinical Clues Hematology Hints Micro Triggers Pathology Prompts Radiological Reminders Where in the World? Miscellaneous Mishmash Key Antimicrobials-Associated Adverse Events Acronyms 6 - Self-Assessment Sample Questions 6 - Self-Assessment Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 Quiz 4 Quiz 5 Quiz 6 Quiz 7 Quiz 8 Quiz 9 7 - Self-Assessment Answers Sample Answers 7 - Self-Assessment Answers Answers 1 Answers 2 Answers 3 Answers 4 Answers 5 Answers 6 Answers 7 Answers 8 Answers 9