The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties

Description

As religion and politics become ever more intertwined, relationships between religion and political parties are of increasing global political significance. This handbook responds to that development, providing important results of current research involving religion and politics, focusing on: democratisation, democracy, party platform formation, party moderation and secularisation, social constituency representation and interest articulation. Covering core issues, new debates, and country case studies, the handbook provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and new directions in the subject. Adopting a comparative approach, it examines the relationships between religion and political parties in a variety of contexts, regions and countries with a focus on Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and Hinduism. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Introduction Religion and political parties The handbook’s structure and coverage Note References PART I: Core issues and topics 1. The next Middle Ages: religion and political culture Notes References 2. Religion, state and nation: Islamic parties between ideology and religion Islamism as a national or counter-national project Political party vs. social movement Compromise with the state From oppressed to rulers Acceptance of democracy Unsecular democracies Muslim democracy: an oxymoron? Conclusion Notes References 3. Religion and society Religion, society and secularisation: some positioning comments Religion as legacy: ‘frozen cleavages’ and party politics in England Religion, society and political parties in Northern Ireland: five mechanisms of influence Christian identity and the European populist right: boundary-marking, vicarious religion and the Danish People’s Party (DPP) Media culture, religion and politics: the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India Conclusion References 4. Religion, modernisation and secularisation The secularisation debate Christian Democracy Democracy in Muslim countries The Christian Right in the United States Conclusion Note References PART II: New debates 5. Religious fundamentalism A controversial concept Early studies The Fundamentalism Project Other perspectives Conclusions References 6. Religion, democratisation and democracy Religious deprivatisation and political change: a worldwide phenomenon Defining democratisation and religion Religion, political society, civil society and the state Concluding comments Note References 7. Religion and party platform formation Methodology and research design Strategic immoderation Ideological immoderation Conclusion References 8. Religion, social constituency representation and interest articulation Religion, political parties and representation of constituency interests Coalition of multiple social constituency interests: the rise and reign of the AKP in Turkey Religion in all party and candidate agendas: the rise of Islam in Indonesian politics Conclusions Notes References 9. The politics of being Muslim and female: religion, feminism and hierarchies of knowledge Is feminism political? Disrupting gender and religion in women’s intersectional identities Why focus on Muslim women for this chapter? The ‘politicised’ Muslim woman Conclusion Notes References 10. Religious violence and political parties Religious violence in political parties in particular areas of the world Global context References 11. Conflict resolution and peacebuilding From a ‘disenchantment of the world’ to a ‘desecularisation of the world’ Conflict resolution, conflict transformation, peacebuilding, reconciliation: what are we talking about? Religious actors in conflict resolution and peacebuilding: potentials, problems and challenges Conceptualising religious actors, conflict resolution and political parties: the example of post-genocide Rwanda Conclusion References PART III: Country case studies Asia 12. Religious violence and political agenda setting in post-colonial South Asian states: why political parties fail Political parties and religion in India and Sri Lanka Boundary conditions for moderation of religious conflict India: religion in a ‘secular cage’? Sri Lanka: the violent underbelly of the Buddhist state? Conclusion: why do parties fail? Notes References 13. Political parties and religion in Myanmar Political parties in contemporary Myanmar Religious framing of party politics Conclusion Notes References 14. Religious political parties in Pakistan Inclusion of Objective Resolution (1949) An Islamic state or a state for Muslims? Prominent religious parties in Pakistan Movement against Ahmadiyya community The Justice Munir Report Ayub Khan’s vision of Pakistan (1958–1969) Role of JI during the Ayub regime Islamisation of Pakistan Dominance of religious parties in politics Shaping domestic policy Shaping Pakistan’s foreign policy Conclusion Notes References The Americas 15. Religion and political parties in America Roman Catholics Protestants, Mormons and the GOP Jews African Americans Latino religionists Muslims and other religious minorities The secular vote Summary on religion and partisan voting patterns Religious party activists Partisan religious patterns in Congress Party affiliation of American clergy References 16. Religion and political parties in Brazil The Brazilian religious landscape Political parties and religious participation Culture and institutions: impact of religion in politics The Evangelical Caucus Conclusion Notes References 17. Religion and political parties in Mexico Introduction Historical foundations Religion and democratisation Religion and democratic politics Conclusion: the 2018 elections References Europe 18. The Politics of Religion in Germany, 1945 to the present The legacy of the Third Reich and Allied occupation, 1945–1949 The Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1990 The German Democratic Republic, 1949–1990 Reunified Germany, since 1990 Conclusion References 19. Religion and political parties: the case of Italy The Christian Democratic Party From religious monopoly to the free market Beyond Catholicism: the other religions Conclusion References 20. Religion and political parties in Poland Historical development of the political role of the Church The Catholic Church as a political actor after 1989 Axiological orientation of Polish political parties The society: between the Church and political parties Conclusions References Sub-Saharan Africa 21. Old and new alliances: Christian churches and the African National Congress in South Africa Introduction From Apartheid to democracy The Zuma era and the search for new allies Conclusion Notes References 22. Religion and political parties in Zambia Religious affiliation Religion and political parties in colonial Zambia Political priests in colonial days Christianity and political parties in post-colonial Zambia Priests and political rewards, 1991–2018 The end of the MMD era and the reappearance of Pentecostal pastors Edgar Chagwa Lungu, Christian nation, Pentecostal pastors and politics Politicians’ appearances at religious functions Lungu and Pentecostal ‘big men’ and women alliance Christians for Lungu (C4L) campaign National Day of Prayer, Fasting, Repentance and Reconciliation National House of Prayer Ministry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs References 23. Religions and political parties in Senegal (1980–2018) Political parties and the emergence of religious movements between 1980 and 2000 The increasing role of religious leaders in politics from 2000 to 2012 President Sall’s first term and the ‘tracking’ of opposition leaders (2012–2018) The legislative elections of 30 July 2017 The debates on the Sponsorship Act (or loi sur le parrainage) Conclusion Notes References 24. Nigeria Understanding the concepts Background to the development of political parties in Nigeria Religion, political parties and politics in Nigeria: an appraisal Conclusion Notes References The Middle East and North Africa 25. Israel: political parties Israel: religion and politics Status quo: challenges National religious: ‘The Jewish Home’ United Torah Judaism Shas Conclusions Notes References 26. Religion and politics in Palestine: the case of Hamas Hamas’s religious and political identity: the 1988 Charter Hamas’s religious and political identity beyond the Charter Religion and political behaviour: Hamas as a political party Conclusion References 27. Turkey: the contested role of Islam and pro-Islamic parties Locating the role of religion in Turkey’s political history and party system Turkey’s pro-Islamic parties? Conclusion Note References 28. Islam and factional politics in Iran Religion and political organisations: preliminary observations The institutional context Reinterpreting Islam Conclusion Notes References 29. Religion and political parties in Tunisia Introduction Religion and political parties Conclusion Notes References 30. Moroccan constitutional reform and Islamism(s): renegotiating the role of religion in the political field The consensus game during the Arab Spring The freedom of conscience debate The debate on the religious and political role of the monarchy Conclusions Notes References 31. Egypt Inclusion-moderation literature and the stakes of the MB’s experience The MB’s pre-2011 organisational and ideational adaptation and implications for future evolution Organisational priorities and political specialisation Interpreting political opportunity and integrating electoral work into a religious mission Ideological adaptation and the institutionalisation of political learning Political opportunity structure, field and MB responses February– November 2011 Organisational adaptation Ideological adaptation Interpreting dynamic political opportunity structures and the turn to Islamic populism November 2011–June 2013 Interpreting the “people’s will” and ideological learning, 2012 Lessons of electoral experience and responses to military intervention The effects of political learning: ideology, strategy, organisation The MB today and implications for inclusion-moderation theory Notes References Index