Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt

Description

About the editors......Page 2 Figures......Page 7 Table 3.1 Growth in real GDP per capita in the Arab Near East......Page 43 Table 3.2 List of selected conflicts and wars in the Mashreq region......Page 52 Table 3.3 Military spending as a percentage of GDP for selected Arab countries, 1988–2005......Page 53 Table 11.2 Type of technical secondary school attended by year......Page 211 Table 11.4 Type of higher education attended by type of secondary completed, age 25–29, 2006......Page 212 Table 11.5 Type of higher education attended by type of secondary school completed and wealth quintiles, young people, age 19–23, 2006......Page 216 Figure 5.1 Evolution of the number and area of farms in Egypt of less than one feddan, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 90 Figure 5.3 Evolution of the area of farms in Egypt classified into area categories, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 91 Figure 5.5 Evolution of the area of owned and rented farms in Egypt, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 92 Figure 11.1 The structure of the education system in Egypt......Page 209 Measures......Page 8 Acknowledgements......Page 9 PART ONE Marginality, poverty and political economy......Page 10 1 | Introduction: Marginality and exclusion in Egypt and the Middle East......Page 12 References......Page 21 Introduction......Page 23 The term and its trajectory......Page 24 Marginality and modernity......Page 25 Marginality and capitalism......Page 26 Curse or cure?......Page 29 Notes......Page 35 References......Page 36 3 | Accumulation by encroachment in the Arab Mashreq......Page 37 The Arab Near East......Page 40 An inherently comprador ruling class......Page 45 The casus belli......Page 48 Evolving conditions......Page 51 Peripheralization in the Arab Near East......Page 54 A post-revolutionary age?......Page 57 References......Page 59 PART TWO Creating and reproducing marginality......Page 62 Introduction......Page 64 Poverty in the Middle East......Page 66 Egypt......Page 68 The (re)production of poverty......Page 70 Conclusion......Page 74 Notes......Page 77 References......Page 78 Introduction......Page 81 Social marginalization in Egypt......Page 85 Economic liberalization and the marginalization of Egypt’s peasants......Page 88 Law 96 of 1992: the revenge of large landowners and the marginalization of small farmers and tenants......Page 89 Land fragmentation and peasant marginalization in Egypt......Page 93 Near-landless – less than two feddans: the losers......Page 94 The Tunisian south-east: social and spatial marginalization......Page 95 Oasis in danger: from palms to concrete......Page 98 Agribusiness marginalizes small farmers and reduces local biodiversity......Page 99 Conclusion......Page 102 References......Page 103 6 | Margins and frontiers......Page 106 Intellectuals and lifestyle choices......Page 107 The Nagada story3......Page 111 Ascribed marginality: the Upper Egyptian low-status tribe......Page 114 References......Page 119 Introduction......Page 121 Sitta October......Page 123 Debt and the city......Page 126 Struggles over transport......Page 128 Spatial marginality and livelihoods......Page 136 Notes......Page 139 References......Page 140 8 | Against marginalization: workers, youth and class in the 25 January revolution......Page 142 Policed neoliberalism......Page 143 Trade unions, workers and the struggles for justice......Page 149 Class and revolution......Page 152 Conclusion......Page 154 References......Page 155 Introduction......Page 157 The geographical targeting approach to poverty reduction......Page 158 Poverty mapping trials in Egypt......Page 159 Determining poor areas......Page 160 Egypt’s poverty map in 2007......Page 161 Geographical targeting and social policies in Egypt......Page 163 Targeting the poorest 1,000 villages: project design and implementation......Page 164 Geographical targeting of poverty: Asyut governorate......Page 165 Project operational structure in Asyut......Page 166 Administrative and local power......Page 167 The village and targeting......Page 168 Data validity and reliability......Page 169 Poverty relief projects......Page 170 Local definitions of poverty......Page 172 Conclusion......Page 173 Notes......Page 174 References ......Page 175 Introduction......Page 178 Street children......Page 179 Participatory action research (PAR)......Page 180 Methodological challenges......Page 182 Invisible others: the gatekeepers......Page 186 Managing emotions: fear and prejudice......Page 187 Witnessing destitution......Page 188 Sensitive issues: drug consumption and sexuality......Page 189 Silent practices......Page 192 Violence......Page 195 Conclusion......Page 196 References......Page 198 Introduction......Page 200 The 1952 revolution and education......Page 201 Problems of education: marginality and inequality......Page 204 Chronic problems of technical education......Page 214 Recent developments......Page 217 Conclusion......Page 221 Notes......Page 223 References......Page 224 Reveal or conceal?: disability figures in Egypt......Page 228 The services provided by governmental and non-governmental institutions......Page 230 Governmental institutions......Page 231 Non-governmental institutions......Page 235 Legislation......Page 237 The boiling point: pre-revolutionary and revolutionary times......Page 240 References......Page 241 Contributors......Page 245 Index......Page 247 About Zed Books......Page 257