The Bloomsbury Companion to Marx

Description

There are very few figures in history that have exerted as much and as varied an influence as Karl Marx. His work represents an unrivalled intervention into fields as various as philosophy, journalism, economics, history, politics and cultural criticism. His name is invoked across the political spectrum in connection to revolution and insurrection, social justice and economic transformation. The Bloomsbury Companion to Marx is the definitive reference guide to Marx's life and work. Written by an international team of leading Marx scholars, the book offers comprehensive coverage of Marx's: life and contexts; sources, influences and encounters; key writings; major themes and topics; and reception and influence. The defining feature of this Companion is its attention to the new directions in Marxism that animate the theoretical, scientific, and political sides of Marx's thought. Gender and the growing importance of Marxist-feminism is treated as equally important to clarifying Marx today as traditional and diverse categories of critique such as class, capital, and mode of production. Similarly, this Companion showcases the methodological and political importance of Marxism to environmentalist politics. Finally, the volume examines in detail non-European Marxisms, demonstrating the centrality of Marxist thought to political movements both within and beyond the global north. This book is the ideal research resource for anyone working on Marx and his ideas today, and as an entry point, if you are approaching Marx's thought for the first time. Cover page......Page 1 Halftitle page......Page 2 Series page......Page 3 Title page......Page 4 Copyright page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Contributors......Page 9 Preface......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Introduction......Page 19 Part I Key Writings A. Key Texts......Page 34 1 Introduction to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (1843–1844)......Page 36 References......Page 40 2 The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (1844)......Page 42 References......Page 46 3 “Theses on Feuerbach” (1845–1846)......Page 48 References......Page 53 4 The German Ideology......Page 54 References......Page 58 5 The Communist Manifesto (1848)......Page 60 References......Page 65 6 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)......Page 66 I......Page 67 II......Page 69 References......Page 72 7 The Grundrisse (1858)......Page 74 Notes......Page 82 References......Page 85 8 A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)......Page 90 References......Page 94 9 Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I (1867)......Page 96 How Capital is Organized and One Way to Read it......Page 97 Part VIII: So-Called Primitive Accumulation......Page 98 Elaborating the Theory......Page 99 Notes......Page 111 Reference......Page 113 10 The Civil War in France (1871)......Page 114 References......Page 118 11 “Critique of the Gotha Program” (1875)......Page 120 References......Page 125 Part II Context B. Philosophical and Historical Context......Page 126 12 Materialism and the Natural Sciences......Page 128 References......Page 137 Bibliography......Page 138 On Definition......Page 140 Holding Back the Tide?......Page 142 Aufhebung of the Christian State......Page 147 Notes......Page 149 References......Page 150 The German Context......Page 154 Economic Liberalism......Page 155 Intellectual Critique......Page 156 Journalism as Activism......Page 157 Political Economy......Page 158 The “Social Question”......Page 160 Partnership with Engels......Page 161 Radical Liberalism......Page 162 After the Revolution......Page 163 References......Page 164 15 Philosophical Constellations......Page 166 16 Nineteenth-Century Social Theory......Page 172 Foundations: Positivism and Materialism......Page 173 Methodology: Ethnographic and Sociological......Page 176 Society as Object: The Rise of Social Evolutionism......Page 179 Notes......Page 182 References......Page 183 17 Industry, Technology, Energy......Page 186 Industry......Page 188 Technology......Page 189 Energy......Page 191 Notes......Page 194 References......Page 195 18 Engels......Page 196 Constructing Engels: From The Condition on the Working Class to The Dialectics of Nature......Page 197 Engels’s Materialism: Some Notes on Scientific Socialism......Page 201 Engels in the Twenty-First Century: A Green Engels?......Page 203 Conclusion: An Engels for the Twenty-First Century......Page 204 References......Page 205 C. Sources and Influences......Page 206 1. Marx and the Ancients......Page 208 2. Philosophical Materialisms and the Problem of Freedom......Page 209 3. Aristotle and Marx: Praxis and Critique......Page 211 3. Aristotle and Marx on the Essence of the Human “Species” and the Possibility of Alienation......Page 213 References......Page 216 The Dialectic......Page 218 Dialectical Hegelianism......Page 222 Notes......Page 228 References......Page 229 Marx and Political Economy......Page 232 Political Economy: Classical and Vulgar......Page 234 Capitalism as a Historical Mode of Production......Page 235 Civil Society . . .......Page 237 . . . and its Volatile Expansionism......Page 238 Value: The Unseen Regulator......Page 240 Distribution......Page 242 Biological Economy: The Real Dismal Science......Page 243 Ricardo’s Antinomies......Page 244 Conclusion......Page 248 References......Page 249 22 French Socialism and Communism......Page 252 References......Page 260 Introduction......Page 264 1. First Encounter: “The Union of Thinking and Speaking”......Page 265 2. Second Encounter: The Communist Party of 1848......Page 267 3. Third Encounter: The International Workingmen’s Association......Page 269 Conclusion......Page 271 References:......Page 272 Part III Key Themes and Topics D. Key Themes and Topics......Page 274 Overview......Page 276 Who is a Political Economist?......Page 277 What is Political Economy?......Page 278 Abstract and Concrete Labor......Page 280 Abstraction in Critical Theory Today?......Page 281 References......Page 282 The Logic of Accumulation......Page 284 The History of Accumulation......Page 286 Notes......Page 289 References......Page 290 26 Alienation......Page 292 References......Page 297 27 Base and Superstructure......Page 300 References......Page 305 Introduction......Page 306 1. How does Marx Introduce the Concept of Capital into Capital ?......Page 307 2. How does Marx Explain the Creation of Surplus Value and Capital on the Basis of Equivalent Exchange?......Page 308 3. How does Capital Come to Appear as “Fruit-Bearing”? Notes on the “Capital-Fetish”......Page 311 References......Page 312 29 Circulation......Page 314 Categories and Concepts for Analyzing Circulation......Page 316 Circulation and the Critique of Ideology......Page 318 Notes......Page 319 References......Page 321 Cyclical Crisis and Credit......Page 322 Secular Crisis and Unemployment......Page 325 Notes......Page 327 References......Page 328 31 Dialectics......Page 330 References......Page 335 Introduction......Page 336 Secondary Exploitation......Page 337 Debates......Page 338 Development......Page 339 References......Page 341 33 Fetishism......Page 344 Notes......Page 348 References......Page 349 34 History and Class Struggle......Page 352 References......Page 357 35 Ideology......Page 360 References......Page 366 36 Imperialism......Page 368 References......Page 373 37 Mediation......Page 374 References......Page 379 38 Mode of Production......Page 380 References......Page 384 39 Nature and Ecology......Page 386 References......Page 394 40 Primitive Accumulation......Page 396 Acknowledgements......Page 401 References......Page 402 Introduction......Page 404 Why is Profit Controversial?......Page 405 The Austro-Hungarian Revenge: The Retreat from Reality and the Assault on Marx......Page 407 References......Page 410 1. Conceptual Development......Page 412 2. Historical Varieties of Property......Page 416 Notes......Page 417 References......Page 418 Marx’s Dialectical Understanding of Religion......Page 420 Marx’s “Meta-critique” of Religion: From the Criticism of Heaven to the Criticism of Earth......Page 421 Fetishism and “Religion of Everyday Life”......Page 423 Updating and Fine-tuning Marx’s Critique of Religion......Page 425 References......Page 426 Simple and Expanded Reproduction......Page 428 Reproduction of the Capital–Labor Relation......Page 431 The Marxist-Feminist Critique......Page 432 Notes......Page 434 References......Page 435 45 Revolutionary Communism......Page 438 References......Page 443 46 Revolutionary Strategy......Page 444 Notes......Page 448 References......Page 449 47 Social Relations......Page 452 References......Page 456 48 Utopia......Page 458 References......Page 462 49 Value......Page 464 50 Work......Page 470 References......Page 474 Part IV Reception and Influence E. Marx after Marx......Page 476 51 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe......Page 478 References......Page 483 52 Latin America......Page 484 References......Page 491 53 China......Page 494 References......Page 499 I......Page 500 II......Page 502 III......Page 507 Notes......Page 509 References......Page 510 55 Western Europe......Page 512 References......Page 517 56 The Arab World......Page 518 Early Arab Marxism, or Arab Old Left Marxism: From the Early 1900s to the Late 1960s......Page 519 Arab New Left Marxism: From the 1960s to the Present......Page 520 The Recent Arab Revolts and the Future of Marxism in the Arab World......Page 521 References......Page 523 Historical Antecedents to Marxism in India......Page 526 Marxism and the Nationalist Movement (1913–1947)......Page 527 Marxism in Post-Colonial India (1947–Present)......Page 529 Indian Historiography and Philosophy......Page 530 Subaltern Studies......Page 531 References......Page 532 58 Africa......Page 534 59 North America......Page 542 References......Page 547 60 Indigenous Internationalisms......Page 548 Notes......Page 552 References......Page 553 F. Contemporary Theory and Philosophy......Page 556 I......Page 558 II......Page 561 III......Page 563 References......Page 564 62 Cultural Studies......Page 566 Early British Cultural Studies: From the 1950s to the 1960s......Page 567 Birmingham Cultural Studies: From the 1970s to the 1980s......Page 568 Post-Modern Cultural Studies: From the 1980s to the 2000s......Page 569 Emergent Cultural Studies: From the 2000s to the Present......Page 571 References......Page 572 63 Ecology and Environmentalism......Page 574 Notes......Page 578 References......Page 579 64 Gender and Feminism......Page 582 References......Page 586 65 Geography......Page 590 References......Page 593 Historical Materialism......Page 596 New Materialism......Page 597 Beyond Materialism as Critique......Page 599 References......Page 600 67 Philosophy......Page 602 References......Page 607 Characteristics of Marxian Political Economy......Page 610 Contemporary Domains of Political Economic Research......Page 613 References......Page 615 Political Marx or Marxian Critique of Politics?......Page 618 The Three Sources and Three Component Parts Revisited......Page 621 Politics and the Political......Page 626 References......Page 627 70 Psychoanalysis......Page 630 References......Page 636 71 Racism......Page 640 References......Page 644 72 Sociology......Page 646 References......Page 651 73 Technology......Page 654 References......Page 658 74 Uneven Development......Page 662 References......Page 666 Index......Page 668