Justice over the Course of Life: Biographies in a Society of Long Lives

Description

In this interdisciplinary book, experts from philosophy, medicine, law, psychology, economics, and social sciences address questions and develop solutions for a well-designed society of long life. Young as well as old people have to actively shape more and more of their life span. At the same time, aging becomes more multifaceted: the individual view on one’s own life course is changing, and the needs and demands for a fulfilled life are diversifying. The implications affect all spheres of life – from education and workplace to health care and the culture of interaction. They require content-related and structural adjustments for a diverse society of longevity in which multiple generations live alongside each other. But how can change be managed responsibly, how can individual and collective responsibility be distributed appropriately, and how can a sustainable and fair social future be ensured? Preface Contents How Fair Is the German Old-Age Pension System? 1 Introduction 2 Social Justice à la Rawls 3 Social Justice in Healthcare 4 Social Justice in Old-Age Pension 5 ``Elderly Bias´´ in Social Policy? References Who Cares for What? Determinants of Preparation for Old Age Across the Life Course References Age Categories in Social Security Systems 1 Age Limits Under the Law 1.1 Aging and the Law 1.2 Age Categories: Clarity and Arbitrariness 1.3 Justice Among Generations and Age Cohorts 2 Are Age Limits Discriminatory? 2.1 Trends and Debates in Constitutional and European Law 2.2 Reservations Concerning a General Ban on ``Age Discrimination´´ 2.3 The Egalitarian Character of Age Limits 3 Conclusion References Life Course and Social Participation: (Not Only) a Question of Fairness 1 Life Course and the Limitations of Justice 2 The Relevance of the Old Testament´s Parental Commandment 3 Social Relations of Obligation 4 Relations Between the Generations and Social Relations of Obligation References Fair Participation for Aging Employees at the Workplace 1 Are Older People Obligated, Willing, and Able to Work? 2 The Relationship Between Work, Health, Productivity, and Age 2.1 Work and Health 2.2 Performance and Age 2.3 Work and Performance 2.4 Work and Age 3 The Management of Aging Employees 4 Summary References Becoming Motivated and Competent to Perform Health-Enhancing Behaviors 1 Psychological Constructs and Mechanisms in Health Behavior Change 1.1 Motivational Phase: Risk Perception, Outcome Expectancies, Motivational Self-Efficacy 1.2 Volitional Phase: Planning, Self-Efficacy, Action Control 1.3 The Structure of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) at a Glance 2 Interventions Based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) 3 Examples of 10-Minute Global Health Behavior Interventions 4 Taking Advantage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Such as Social Media 5 Conclusions References Autonomy and Care in the Law of the Human Biography 1 Personal Law and Human Lives 2 Persons and Populations at the Endpoints of the Human Biography 2.1 Autonomy Problems with the Young and the Old 2.2 Minor Patients: Children and Adolescents 2.2.1 Competency and Limitations, Especially on the Concept of Capacity for Consent 2.2.2 Decision-Making Level, Participation Level, Veto 2.3 Age and Dementia 2.3.1 Adults and Capacity for Consent 2.3.2 Formulating Professional Norms 2.3.3 The Judicial Balancing-Act Between Self-Determination and Restrictions on Freedom 3 Special Areas of Medical Activity 3.1 Research 3.2 Transplantation Medicine 3.3 Elective Procedures and Cosmetic Surgery 3.4 Genetic Testing 4 Problems and Perspectives of Norm formulation 4.1 Normativity and Facticity 4.2 Individualizing or Typifying 4.3 Protective Purposes and Legal Rights: Autonomy and Care Revisited 5 Conclusion References The Extra Years: Creating More Opportunities for Women and Men by Redistributing (Working) Time 1 On the Labor Market Status of Women and Men 2 How to Increase Gender Equity in the Labor Market 3 Redistributing (Working) Hours Over the Life Course 4 Redistributing (Working) Time Between Women and Men References Health Literacy in Europe: The Concept, Its Impact and Application 1 Introduction 2 The Concept of Health Literacy 3 Measuring Health Literacy in Europe 4 The Impact of Health Literacy in Practice 5 Conclusion References Patient Involvement in Health Care: Conceptualisation, Measurement, Uptake and Future Improvement 1 Introduction 2 Conceptualising Patient Involvement in Health Care: A Means to an End or an End in Itself? 3 Measuring What Is Important to Patients 3.1 Involving Patients in Deciding What Is Being Measured 3.2 Measuring Patient Views of Their Own Care 3.3 Measuring Organisations´ Preparedness for Patient Involvement 4 Higher Order Learning in Practice: Current Uptake by Hospitals of Patient Involvement Strategies 4.1 Levels of Involvement of Patients in Quality Improvement Functions at Hospital and Departmental Level 5 Strengthening Patient Involvement in Health Care in the Future 5.1 Target Those Most in Need 5.2 Patient Representatives 5.3 Underlying Theory 6 Conclusion References