Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Chemical Analysis and Diagnostics

Description

Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Chemical Analysis and Diagnostics is a valuable source of information for those interested in microfluidics, bioanalytical devices, chemical instrumentation/mechanization, in-field analysis, and more. This book provides a critical review of the scientific and technological progress of paper-based devices, as well as future trends in the field of portable paper-based sensors for chemical analysis and diagnostics directly at point of need. It uniquely focuses on the analytical techniques associated with each type of device, providing a practical framework for any researcher to use while learning how to use new types of devices in their work, deciding which ones are best for their needs, developing new devices, or working toward commercialization. Cover Paper-based Analytical Devices for Chemical Analysis and Diagnostics Copyright List of contributors Contents Dedication Preface 1 Introduction remarks for paper-based analytical devices and timeline 1.1 Introduction References 2 Chemistry of paper—properties, modification strategies, and uses in bioanalytical chemistry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Paper fabrication 2.2.1 Material preparation 2.2.2 Pulping process and extraction of the cellulose 2.2.3 Bleaching 2.2.4 Refining, drying, and paper manufacturing 2.3 Strategies using the dissolution of cellulose to manufacture sensing inks 2.4 Properties of existing unmodified papers 2.5 Paper modification approaches for chemical sensing 2.6 Thermal treatment of cellulose 2.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 3 Paper-based separation devices 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Paper-based devices for electrophoretic separations 3.2.1 Electrophoresis 3.2.2 Isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis 3.3 Paper-based devices for chromatographic separations 3.3.1 Electrochemical detection 3.3.2 Colorimetric detection 3.3.3 Chemiluminescence detection 3.3.4 Fluorescence detection 3.4 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References 4 Colorimetric paper-based analytical devices 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical aspects of colorimetric detection 4.2.1 Surface oxidation and addition of nanomaterials and biopolymers 4.3 Colorimetric reaction methodology 4.3.1 Enzymatic reaction 4.3.2 Redox indicator 4.3.3 pH indicator 4.3.4 Nanoparticles 4.3.5 Complexation reaction 4.4 Detection and readout system 4.4.1 Office scanner 4.4.2 Smartphone 4.4.3 Visual detection 4.4.4 Comparison of image digitalization methods 4.5 Conclusions and perspectives References 5 Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Principles of the electrochemical measurements using electrochemical paper-based analytical devices 5.3 Paper standardization and area definition 5.3.1 Patterning nonconductive materials on the paper surface 5.3.2 Electrodes fabrication by conductive patterning tracks on paper 5.4 The fabrication processes of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices and their applications 5.4.1 Screen-printing and stencil printing 5.4.2 Digital printing and printer fabrication process without the use of masks 5.4.3 Photolithography and sputtering 5.4.4 Drop-casting 5.4.5 Pencil-drawing 5.4.6 Graphite leads and wire materials as electrodes on paper 5.4.7 Filtration 5.4.8 Pyrolysis process 5.4.9 Laser-scribing 5.5 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References 6 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering paper-based analytical devices 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Raman spectroscopy: a historical perspective 6.1.2 Theoretical fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy and SERS 6.2 Raman enhancement nanostructures onto paper substrates: characteristics and fabrication methods 6.2.1 Gold-based nanostructures 6.2.2 Silver-based nanostructures 6.2.3 Gold and silver composites nanostructures 6.3 Applications of paper and cellulose-based SERS devices 6.3.1 Health applications: diagnostic and therapeutics 6.3.2 Environmental applications: food, dairy products, beverages and water safety 6.3.3 Other applications 6.4 Concluding remarks and perspectives 6.5 Acknowledgements References 7 Chemiluminescence paper-based analytical devices 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Design and fabrication techniques for chemiluminescence-microfluidic paper-based analytical devices 7.3 Detection of chemiluminescence Signals on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices 7.3.1 Commercial luminescence analyzers 7.3.2 Miniaturized photomultiplier 7.3.3 Charge-coupled devices and digital cameras 7.3.4 Smartphones 7.3.5 Other tools and instruments 7.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 8 Fluorescent paper-based analytical devices 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluorescent materials 8.2.1 Organic dyes 8.2.2 Metal nanoclusters 8.2.3 Carbon dots 8.2.4 Quantum dots 8.2.5 Upconversion nanoparticles 8.3 Fluorescent response 8.3.1 Brightness-based response 8.3.1.1 Fluorescence “turn-off” 8.3.1.2 Fluorescence “turn-on” 8.3.2 Color-based response 8.3.2.1 Ratiometric fluorescence with one reference signal 8.3.2.2 Ratiometric fluorescence with two reversible signal changes 8.4 Conclusions References 9 Electrochemiluminescence paper-based analytical devices 9.1 Background 9.1.1 Electrochemiluminescence 9.1.2 Paper devices and electrochemiluminescence 9.2 Paper-device fabrication methods 9.2.1 Paper types 9.2.2 Fabrication of hydrophobic barriers 9.3 Fabrication of electrodes onto paper 9.3.1 Screen printing 9.3.2 Bipolar electrodes 9.3.3 Hybrid devices 9.4 Electrochemiluminescence sensing strategies 9.4.1 Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays 9.4.2 Aptamer-based electrochemiluminescence assays 9.4.3 Signal amplification 9.5 Potential control and detection: work toward portable devices 9.5.1 Potential control 9.5.2 Detection 9.6 Integrated devices 9.7 Conclusions and future directions Acknowledgments References 10 Paper-based immunoassays for mobile healthcare: strategies, challenges, and future applications 10.1 Clinical value of paper-based immunoassays 10.2 The strategies of paper-based immunoassay for mobile healthcare 10.3 The challenges of paper-based immunoassay approaches for mobile healthcare 10.4 Future applications of paper-based immunoassays for mobile healthcare 10.5 Glossary Acknowledgments References 11 Conclusions, challenges, and next steps 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Challenges in fluid transport 11.1.2 Challenges of colorimetric detection 11.1.3 Challenges of electrochemical paper-based devices 11.2 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Index