Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): A Clinical Guide

Description

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) Provides comprehensive coverage of all key aspects of COVID-19, including: etiology, diagnosis, symptomatology, management, and treatment Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Clinical Guide provides healthcare professionals at all levels with up-to-date knowledge about the clinical, epidemiological, genomic, virological, and radiologic features of COVID-19. Consolidating multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses into a single volume, this comprehensive textbook also addresses health policies, mass casualty planning, healthcare worker safety, economic impact, lessons for future outbreaks, and other para-clinical and social aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The text presents a thorough summary and critical analysis of COVID-19 based on an exhaustive review of recently published literature and data. Topics include the virologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations and consequences of COVID-19, prevention and transmission control, the pandemic’s indirect impact to the care and management of other diseases, passive immunotherapy and its implications, diagnostic and treatment approaches for critically ill patients, and more. Edited by leading ­practitioners at the forefront of COVID-19 research, this invaluable resource: Integrates clinical, radiological, and epidemiological data and discussion of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment Reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms of action, manifestations, and management of cardiovascular, neurological, and pulmonary diseases associated with COVID-19 Covers diagnostic technologies, includes radiologic imaging, and RT-PCR testing Explores therapeutic approaches for managing a variety of complications Discusses post-vaccination symptom management and implications of immunization Addresses COVID-19 in pediatrics, in cancer patients, and in patients with lung disease, diabetes, ­hypertension, obesity, and other underlying conditions Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Clinical Guide is an indispensable source of information for all clinicians, researchers, epidemiologists, nurses, radiologists, and healthcare managers working to address any aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 COVID-19: Epidemiology Origin Animal Host Infectivity and Incubation Modes of Transmission Overview Respiratory Droplets Aerosolization Direct Surface Contact and Fomites Fecal-Oral Bloodborne Semen and Vaginal Secretions Asymptomatic Transmission Virulence and Mortality Case Fatality Rate Serial Interval Reproduction Number/Reproduction Ratio Excess Mortality Demographics Overview Age Sex Race and Ethnicity Disease Prevention Vaccinations Personal Protective Equipment: Respirators and Masks Physical Distancing Hand and Surface Sanitation Adequate Ventilation of Indoor Spaces Use of Outdoor Spaces Global Impacts Distribution International Response Future Outbreaks Conclusions References Chapter 2 COVID-19: Virology Coronaviruses Taxonomy Morphology Nucleic Acid Antigenicity SARS-CoV-2 Morphology and Nucleic Acid Spike Protein Origin Viral Transmission Variants References Chapter 3 COVID-19: Laboratory/Serologic Diagnostics Molecular Diagnostics for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing RT-qPCR RT-LAMP CRISPR-Based Techniques Sequencing Techniques Antigen Testing Viral Culture Antibody Testing for COVID-19 Principles of Antibody Testing Antibody Assays for SARS-CoV-2 Assay Target Selection Binding Assays Neutralization Assays Antibody Assay Sensitivity and Specificity Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Kinetics of Antibody Response Antibody Response and Disease Severity Duration of Immunity Current and Potential Applications of Antibody-Based Tests in SARS-CoV-2 Management of Individual Disease and Sequelae Monitoring Contact Tracing Vaccine Efficacy Conclusions and Future Directions References Chapter 4 COVID-19: Radiologic Diagnosis Current Guidelines on When to Image Fleischner Society World Health Organization Practical Points Technical Considerations to Limit Spread While Imaging Chest Radiography Cross-Sectional Imaging Ultrasound Imaging by Modality X-Ray Computed Tomography Ultrasound PET MRI Guidelines for Reporting RSNA COVID-19 Reporting and Data System COVID-19 Imaging Reporting and Data System References Chapter 5 COVID-19: Pathology Perspective Gross and Histopathologic Findings in the Respiratory System Gross and Histopathologic Findings in the Cardiovascular System Histopathologic Findings in Kidney Histopathologic Findings in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Histopathologic Findings in Brain Histopathologic Findings in Skin References Chapter 6 COVID-19: Immunology Anatomic Progression of COVID-19 Adaptive Immune Response in the Nasal Passages and the Lungs Immune Response to Immunization Immune Correlates of Protection from Infection Decline in Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses over Time Immune Consequences of Virologic Dissemination Autoantibodies Against Type I IFN Viral Evasion Immune Dysregulation Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Cytokine Storm Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 COVID-19: Presentation and Symptomatology Pulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19 Atypical Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Otolaryngologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Sense of Smell Voice Disorders Hearing, Tinnitus, and Facial Nerve Gastrointestinal Manifestation of COVID-19 Coronavirus and Pregnancy Physiologic Changes and Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection General Symptoms of COVID-19 in Obstetric Patients Impact of COVID-19 on Gestation: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Vertical Transmission and Possible Fetal Complications COVID-19 and Delivery Breastfeeding Vaccination Urologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Kidneys Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Infection Disorders of Genital Organ Function Infertility References Chapter 8 COVID-19: Risk Stratification Potential Biomarkers for COVID-19 Detection, Severity, and Mortality Host Risk Factors for COVID-19 ABO Blood Type as an Additional Risk Factor ABO Blood Group and Rh Factor Association of Blood Group with Viral Respiratory Diseases Association of Blood Type with Higher Susceptibility to COVID-19 Infection and Outcomes Genetic Association and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms ML Methods for X-Ray and CT Image Classification and Prediction References Chapter 9 COVID-19: Outpatient Management in Adults Potential Conflicts of Interest Initial Diagnosis Prognosis and Choice of Admission Versus Outpatient Management Home Monitoring Telehealth Diagnosis and Follow-up Pulse Oximetry Monitoring Post–Hospital Discharge Care General Management Issues Isolation Hydration and Nutrition Continuation of Ongoing Therapies Nutritional Supplements Anticoagulation Use of Home Supplemental Oxygen Antivirals and Anti-inflammatory Treatments Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs Selection of Outpatients to Receive Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs Bamlanivimab Plus Etesevimab Casirivimab Plus Imdevimab Sotrovimab Bebtelovimab Side Effects of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs Distribution of mAbs Oral Antivirals Molnupiravir Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332)/Ritonavir Outpatient Anti-inflammatory Interventions Inhaled Budesonide Fluvoxamine Dexamethasone Drugs That Are Not Recommended for Outpatient Use Janus Kinase Inhibitors/Anti-IL-6 Therapies Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ivermectin Azithromycin Lopinavir/Ritonavir Convalescent Plasma Colchicine Summary References Chapter 10 COVID-19: Inpatient Management Respiratory Support for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Noninvasive Respiratory Support Prone Positioning in Awake Patients Caring for the Critically Ill Patient with COVID-19 Practical Considerations for Intubating Patients Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with COVID-19 Rescue Therapies for Refractory Hypoxemia of Ventilated Patients Pharmacologic Therapies for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Use of Antivirals in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Therapies that Have No Benefit in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Extrapulmonary Disease in Acutely Ill Patients with COVID-19 Thromboembolic Disease Cardiac Complications Renal Complications Infectious Complications Performing Aerosol-Generating Procedures in Patients with COVID-19 Bronchoscopy in COVID-19 Tracheostomy in Patients with COVID-19 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of the Patient with COVID-19 Coordinating Patient Placement and Care in COVID-19 Units Increasing ICU Capacity Additional Management Considerations References Chapter 11 COVID-19: ICU and Critical Care Management Epidemiology of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Risk Factors for Severe Disease Mortality Infection Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in the ICU Aerosol-Generating Procedures Visitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in COVID-19 Hemodynamic Support in COVID-19 Management of Respiratory Failure from COVID-19 Intubation Ventilator Management Prone Positioning Treatment of COVID-19-Associated ARDS with Corticosteroids Tocilizumab for Critical COVID-19 Illness Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19 ARDS Venous Thromboembolism and Anticoagulation in COVID-19 After the ICU: Challenges for Survivors of COVID-19 Critical Illness References Chapter 12 COVID-19 in Pediatrics Epidemiology Epidemiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Transmission in Children Neonatal Transmission Breastfeeding Clinical Manifestations Disease Severity Infection in Infants (Age