Where Shrimp Eat Better than People: Globalized Fisheries, Nutritional Unequal Exchange and Asian Hunger

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Contents Acknowledgments Tables and Figures Tables Figures Abbreviations Introduction 1 Scholarly Significance and Investigative Goals 1.1 The World Food System and Southern Hunger 1.2 The Global Significance of the Asian Fisheries 1.3 Hunger and Depeasantization 1.4 The Importance of Gendered Analysis 2 Methods of Inquiry and Areas of Study 2.1 Target Study Areas 2.2 Statistical and Archival Sources 2.3 Methodological Flaws in Databases 2.4 Ethnographic Field Research 2.5 Gleaning Philippine Scholarship 3 What Do We Promise Readers Conceptually? 4 Organization of the Book 1 The Asian Fishery Crisis, Nutritional Unequal Exchange and Food Insecurity 1 Trends in Asian Fishery Production and Nutritional Shortfalls 1.1 Child Food Insecurity 1.2 Iron Deficiency Anemia 1.3 Asian Fishery Production and Nutritional Trends 2 Investigative Questions 3 Conflict between Food Security and Food/Fishery Exporting 3.1 Fishery Exporting 3.2 Threats to Asian Agricultural Production 3.3 Centrality of Fishery Outputs to Asian Nutrition 4 Dependence on Imports as Threat to Food Security 4.1 How Is the Food Import Budget Spent? 4.2 Nutritional Unequal Exchanges through Food Exports and Imports 4.3 Do Farm Outputs Offset Fishery Nutritional Shortfalls Caused by Exporting? 4.3 Growing Dependency on Wheat, Soy and Processed Foods 4.4 Imported Production Inputs for Export Commodities 4.5 Impacts of Food Imports on Agricultural Production 5 Nonfoods and Asian Food Security 6 Will Aquaculture Solve Asian Protein and Iron Shortfalls? 7 Food Security and Pressures toward Depeasantization 7.1 Land and Waterway Dispossession 8 Ecological Degradation of Asian Fisheries and Food Insecurity 9 Intra-national Inequalities in Food Access 10 Impacts of Wastage on Food Security 11 Looking to Future Chapters 2 Debt, Resource Exploitation and Integration into the World Agro-Food System 1 The Role of External Development Agencies 2 Philippine Elites and Economic Restructuring 3 Government Promotion of Agricultural Exports 4 Government Promotion of Capture Fishing for Export 5 Government Promotion of Acquaculture for Export 5.1 The Boom in Monocultural Ponds for World Markets, 1975–1980s 5.2 Trade Crisis of the 1990s 5.3 Aggressive Aquaculture Promotion since 2000 5.4 Seaweed Farming 6 Ecological Impacts of the Philippine Agro-Industrial Export Strategy 6.1 Land and Forest Degradation 6.2 Degradation Caused by Capture Fishing 6.3 Degradation Caused by Aquaculture 7 Looking to the Future 3 Globalized Food and Asian Hunger 1 Privileging Exports over Local Consumption 1.1 Privileging Exports over Crops for Local Consumption 1.2 Privileging Export Seafoods over Local Consumption 2 Import Dependence and Risks to Food Security 2.1 Dependence on Imported Agricultural and Aquaculture Inputs 2.2 Meeting WTO Import Requirements 2.3 Dependence on Imported Processed Foods 2.4 Integration of Imported Processed Foods into Public Nutrition Policy 2.5 Corporate Market Targeting of Philippine Children 3 Transformation of Foods into Nonfoods 4 Class Polarization and Inequalities in Food Access 5 Looking to the Future 5.1 Future Export and Nonfood Strategies 5.2 The Risk of Food Import Dependency 5.3 Ecological Degradation and Food Security 5.4 Outlook for Future Food Security 4 Commodity-Chained Peasants 1 Transformation of Panguil Bay Agriculture 1.1 Declining Cultivation of Cereals 1.2 Prioritizing Commercial Export Crops 2 Transformation of Capture Fishing 2.1 Traditional Peasant Capture Fishing 2.2 Depeasantization of Capture Fishing 3 Transformation and Expansion of Aquaculture 3.1 National Trade Crisis and Regional Expansion of the 1990s 3.2 Aggressive Aquaculture Promotion Since 2000 4 Integrating the Panguil Bay Fishery into National and Global Commodity Chains 4.1 Export Functions of the Panguil Bay Region 4.2 The Spatial Articulation of the Region’s External Trade 4.3 The Crustacean Commodity Chain 4.4 The Finfish Commodity Chain 4.5 The Live Reef Fish Commodity Chain 5 Is Philippine Fish Marketing Culturally Unique? 5.1 The Philippine Suki Tradition 5.2 Parallels in Other Countries 6 Ecological Impacts of Global Integration 7 Food Insecurity in Panguil Bay Communities 7.1 Declining Local Consumption 7.2 Conversion of Nutrients to Nonfoods 8 Looking to the Future 5 The World Does Not Weep for Us 1 Hidden Household Subsidies to Export Commodity Chains 2 Conceptualizing Capitalist Externalization of Costs to Households 3 Externalization of Costs to Peasant Fishing Communities 4 Pressures to Depeasantize Panguil Bay 4.1 Public Policy Formation 4.2 Constraints on Peasant Access to Ecological Resources 5 Debt Bondage as Externalized Cost 5.1 Historical Structuring of Peasant Fisher Debt Bondage 5.2 Contemporary Credit and Finance Mechanisms 5.3 Sharecropping and Contract Farming 6 Threats to Peasant Livelihoods 6.1 Declining Fish Catches 6.2 Declining Income 6.3 Failure of Alternative Livelihood Strategies 7 Alteration and Intensification of Women’s Work 7.1 Women’s Altered Work Roles and Household Survival 7.3 Fish Marketing and Female Disempowerment 8 “The Shrimp Live Better Than We Do”: Threats to Human Survival 8.1 Threats to Health 8.2 Loss of Social Services 8.3 Threats to Local Food Security 9 Looking to the Future 6 Endlessly Toiling 1 Conceptualizing the Semiproletarian Portfolio of Diverse Labors 1.1 Women’s Unpaid Household Labor 1.2 Export Production Other Than Fishing 1.3 Paid Labors in Putting Out Systems Other Than Fishing 1.4 Informal Sector Marketing 1.5 Wage Earning 2 Inequitable Management of Scarce Labor Time 2.1 Self-exploitation by Household Members 2.2 Inequitable Work Time Allocation 3 Arrangement of Household Credit 4 Restructuring Household Boundaries 4.1 Changing Fisher Household Composition 4.2 Inter-household Networking 5 Inequitable Pooling and Allocation of Household Resources 5.1 Inequitable Distribution of Resources 5.3 Self Deprivation to Survive Household Shortfalls 6 Conflict over Household Budget Management 7 Looking to the Future 7 Climate Change, Land Grabbing and the Future of Asian Food Security 1 Climate Change, Peasant Persistence and Asian Food Security 1.1 Climate Risks Facing the Asian Fisheries 1.2 Climate Migration in the Asian Fisheries 1.3 CO2 Emissions of the Asian Fisheries 1.4 Climate Emission Reduction and REDD Projects 1.5 Climate Adaptation Projects 2 Land Grabbing and Asian Food Security 2.1 National Land Displacements for Nonagricultural Development 2.2 Impacts of Transnational Land Grabbing 3 Conclusion 8 Propping Up the World Food System 1 Looking toward the Future of Asian Food Insecurity 1.1 The Absence of Asian State Food Security Policy 1.2 World Food System Risks Made Visible by COVID-19 2 Peasant Contributions to Asian Food Security 3 Will There Be an Historical Transition to Large Asian Farms? 4 Deruralization, Occupational Multiplicity and Asian Peasant Persistence 4.1 Deruralization of the Asian Fisheries? 4.2 Peri-urbanization in the Asian Fisheries 5 Asian Debt Bondage and the World Food System 5.1 Agricultural Debt Bondage 5.2 Debt Bondage in the Asian Fishing Industry 5.3 Asian Climate Change and Debt Bondage 6 Will Asian Peasants Persist in the 21st Century? 6.1 Why Peasant Farmers are Essential to Capitalism 6.2 The Persistence of Asian Peasant Fishers 7 Conclusion: Seeing Hunger through the Fisherwoman’s Lens Bibliography Index